Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Hippocampus: [ 142 ] records

abdominalis, Hippocampus Lesson [R. P.] 1827:127 [Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie (Férussac), Paris v. 11 (art. 92); ref. 17507] New Zealand. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6090 (1), 0000-9207 (2, dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:51-52 [ref. 19576]. Also described as new in Lesson 1828:411 [ref. 2775]. •Valid as Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:166 [ref. 24556], Sakamoto in Amaoka et al. 1990:231 [ref. 16024], Paulin & Roberts 1992:65 [ref. 24625], Kuiter 1993:97 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:447 [ref. 22532], Gomon 1997:246 [ref. 22842], Kuiter 1997:74 [ref. 25488], Lourie et al. 1999:69 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2001:322 [ref. 25900], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:125 [ref. 36858], Paxton et al. 2006:825 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:52 [ref. 30404], Stewart 2015:1055 [ref. 34254], Lourie 2016:84 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 1 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, southwestern Pacific: Australia and New Zealand. Habitat: brackish, marine.

agnesae, Hippocampus Fowler [H. W.] 1907:429, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 59; ref. 1377] Victoria, Australia. Holotype: ANSP 33123. Paratypes: ANSP 33162 (1, in jar with holotype). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:158 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Hippocampus bleekeri Fowler 1907 -- (Kuiter 2001:323 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:826 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:54 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:448 [ref. 22532], Lourie et al. 1999:69 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

aimei, Hippocampus Roule [L.] 1916:11, Figs. 1-2 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 15066] Mekong River, near Khemmarat on the Laos - Thailand border [South China Sea]. Syntypes: MNHN B-1256 (2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:534 [ref. 19576]. Apparently should have been arnei, appeared as aimei as a typographical error -- (Kuiter 2009:98 [ref. 30404]). Locality questioned by Lourie et al. 1999:165 [ref. 23933]. •Synonym of Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson 1908 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:75 [ref. 23993]). •In the synonymy of Hippocampus arnei Roule 1916 -- (Kuiter 2009:98 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:121 [ref. 23993] one type specimen only, Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

alatus, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:317, Fig. 25 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] East coast of Cape York, Queensland, 11°37'S, 142°56'E, depth 16-18 meters. Holotype: AMS I20771-102. Paratypes: AMS I.15557-077 (1); NTM S10959-001 (1), S11580-003 (1), S13267-004 (1); QM I.27965 (1), I.30556 (1); WAM P.28003-001 (1). Type catalog: Moore et al. 2008:16 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Hippocampus alatus Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:825 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:100 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:199 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:77 [ref. 32988], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines to Papua New Guinea and Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

algiricus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:13 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Algiers, Algeria, western Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-6084. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:52 [ref. 19576]. •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kuiter 2009:58 [ref. 30404]). •See Hippocampus reidi of Silveira 2014:324 [ref. 33493]. •Valid as Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:71 [ref. 23993], Wirtz et al. 2007:7, 28 [ref. 30263], Wirtz et al. 2013:121 [ref. 32972], Lourie 2016:114 [ref. 34505], Fritzsche 2016:2235 [ref. 34608], Lourie et al. 2016:14 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Reiner 2019:149 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:219 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

angustus, Hippocampus Günther [A.] 1870:200 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Freycinet Harbor, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1858.12.27.97-103 (7). •Valid as Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870 -- (Allen & Swainston 1988:46 [ref. 25477] as angustatus, Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Allen 1997:72 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:72 [ref. 25488], Lourie et al. 1999:73 [ref. 23993], Paulus 1999:2269 [ref. 24794], Hutchins 2001:27 [ref. 25847], Kuiter 2001:335 [ref. 25900], Choo & Liew 2003:271 [ref. 26841], Paxton et al. 2006:825 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:96 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:88 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Shark Bay to Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

antiquorum, Hippocampus Leach [W. E.] in Leach & Nodder 1814:104 [Zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals v. 1-3; ref. 2738] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Appeared as Hippocampus antiquus in Risso 1827:183 [ref. 3757]. •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Lourie et al. 1999:99 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:58 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

antiquus, Hippocampus Risso [A.] 1827:183 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] No locality. No types known. Not available; an incorrect subsequent spelling of Hippocampus antiquorum Leach 1814. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Lourie et al. 1999:99 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:58 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632]). Misspelling. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

arnei, Hippocampus Roule [L.] 1916:383 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 22 (no. 7); ref. 20276] Mekong River, near Khemmarat on the Laos - Thailand border [South China Sea]. Syntypes: (2) identified by Lourie et al. (1999:165) as 2 separate species. Hippocampus arnei is a corrected name for Hippocampus aimei Roule, changed due to a typographical error in the original description [ref. 15066]. •Valid as Hippocampus arnei Roule 1916 -- (Kuiter 2009:98 [ref. 30404]). •Not available, possible a joke played on Roule or on the collector -- (Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989]). •In the synonymy of Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson 1908 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:75 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:16 [ref. 34632] in part). •Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632] in part). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

aterrimus, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:14, Pl. 9 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype: CAS-SU 6516. Paratypes: CAS-SU 6737 (3), USNM 49811 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:61 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Snyder 1901 -- (Sheiko 1983:18 [ref. 37041], Kim & Lee 1995:77 [ref. 22284]). •Synonym of Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker 1853 -- (Kuiter 2009:115 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

atrichus, Hippocampus De la Pylaie [A. J. M.] 1835:528 [Congrès Scientifique de France v. 2 (Sept. 1834) (art. 5); ref. 1086] France, northeastern Atlantic. No distinguishing features, not available. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

barbouri, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.] 1908:247, Fig. 8 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 27(Doc. 640) (for 1907); ref. 2492] Cuyo, Philippines. Holotype: USNM 61683. Paratypes: CAS-SU 20205 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:61 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson 1908 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:75 [ref. 23993], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Choo & Liew 2004:412 [ref. 28042], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:126 [ref. 36858], Kuiter 2009:97 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:200 [ref. 31980], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie 2016:90 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:16 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson 1908. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: marine.

bargibanti, Hippocampus Whitley [G. P.] 1970:294 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 94 (3) No. 421; ref. 19119] Nouméa, New Caledonia, depth 30 meters. Lectotype: AMS I.15418-001. Paralectotypes: AMS I.15418-002 (1). Whitley mentioned that the type was in the Australian Museum, but 2 specimens were involved from the same locality; Gomon 1997:249 [ref. 22842] designated a lectotype. •Valid as Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley 1970 -- (Gomon 1997:249 [ref. 22842], Randall et al. 1997:501 [ref. 25919], Lourie et al. 1999:77 [ref. 23993], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:158 [ref. 25191], Kuiter 2001:305 [ref. 25900], Horne 2001:245 [ref. 25696], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Lourie & Randall 2003:284 [ref. 27038], Kuiter 2003:116 [ref. 27123], Fricke 2004:33 [ref. 28269], Randall 2005:110 [ref. 28239], Paxton et al. 2006:825 [ref. 29073], Shao et al. 2008:245 [ref. 29952], Lourie & Kuiter 2008:54 [ref. 29944], Gomon & Kuiter 2009:38 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:138 [ref. 30404], Motomura et al. 2010:86 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:375 [ref. 31242], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436], Foster et al. 2012:56 [ref. 31765], Allen & Erdmann 2012:200 [ref. 31980], Laurie 2016:74 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:17 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:134 [ref. 35660], Short et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36055], Fricke et al. 2019:94 [ref. 36673], Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Sato et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40949]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley 1970. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Malaysia and Indonesia east to Philippines and New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

bicuspis, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:13, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Gorée, Senegal. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-5884. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:52 [ref. 19576]. •Valid as Hippocampus biscuspis Kaup 1856 -- (Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Kuiter 2009:108 [ref. 30404]). •Questionably a synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:164 [ref. 23993]). •Uncertain as Hippocampus species inquirenda -- (Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic (if valid). Habitat: marine.

biocellatus, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:311, Fig. 15 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Shark Bay, Kok Island to Quobba Point, Western Australia. Holotype: WAM P.9398. Paratypes: WAM P.9402 (1), P.14584 (1), P.28611-005 (1), P.30081-002 (1), P.30998-001 (1). Type catalog: Moore et al. 2008:16 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Hippocampus biocellatus Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:825 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:126 [ref. 30404], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus planifrons Peters 1877 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:35 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus planifrons Peters 1877. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

bleekeri, Hippocampus Fowler [H. W.] 1907:426, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 59; ref. 1377] Victoria, Australia. Holotype: ANSP 33122 (in 2 pieces). Paratypes: ANSP 33184-87 (6, 1 with head missing, in jar with holotype). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:159 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hippocampus bleekeri Fowler 1907 -- (Kuiter 2001:323 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:826 [ref. 29073] dated 1908, Kuiter 2008:454 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:54 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:448 [ref. 22532], Lourie et al. 1999:69 [ref. 23993], Lourie 2016:84 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia (if valid). Habitat: marine.

borboniensis, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] 1870:520 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-9206. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:53 [ref. 19576]. Based on specimens and literature source. •Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855 -- (Fricke 1999:152 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus borboniensis Duméril 1870 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:79 [ref. 23993], Fricke et al. 2009:37 [ref. 30213], Kuiter 2009:114 [ref. 30404] misspelled borboriensis, Lourie 2016:109 [ref. 34505], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Fricke et al. 2018:124 [ref. 35805], Eagderi et al. 2019:133 [ref. 37020], Stiller et al. 2022: Additional file p. 20 [ref. 39142], Moots 2022:466 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus borboniensis Duméril 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa and Mozambique (East Africa) to Seychelles, Madagascar, western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) and Maldives; Persian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

brachyrhynchus, Hippocampus Duncker [G.] 1914:295 [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 10 (pt 5, art. 18); ref. 14148] India. Syntypes: ZSI F8508 (9), ?F8539/1 (1) Rambha Bay, F14299 (1) Mekran Coast. Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:140 [ref. 20743]. •Valid as Hippocampus brachyrhynchus Duncker 1914 -- (Talwar & Jhingran 1991:767 [ref. 20764]). •Synonym of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:95 [ref. 23993]). •Questionable synonym of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838 -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

breviceps, Hippocampus Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1869:710 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1869; ref. 14098] Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7082 (missing in 2001). •Valid as Hippocampus breviceps Peters 1869 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Kuiter 1993:97 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:448 [ref. 22532], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Kuiter 1997:72 [ref. 25488], Lourie et al. 1999:75 [ref. 23993], Hutchins 2001:27 [ref. 25847], Kuiter 2001:312 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:826 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:455 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:46 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:86 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:18 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:121 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus breviceps Peters 1869. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

brevirostris, Hippocampus Schinz [H. R.] 1822:262 [Das Thierreich v. 2; ref. 3926] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Neotype: ZMMU P-676. Name appeared as Hyppocampus brevirostris. Also in Cuvier 1829 based on brief description and citation to "Will. J. 25, f. 5." Not here regarded as a replacement name, but a new name based on literature sources, including Syngnathus hippocampus of Bloch. Neotype designated by Vasil'eva 2007:325 [ref. 29769]. The neotype designations by Vasil'eva for hippocampus and brevirostris are regarded as disrupting stability for the eastern Atlantic seahorses -- involving nominal species (hippocampus, guttulatus, brevirostris and antiquorum) with their very complex underlying ancient literature references. It is suggested here that the International Commission should be petitioned to set aside Vasil'eva's neotypes and select new ones to fix hippocampus as the available name for the short-snouted species and to fix guttulatuslong-snouted species, and to suppress brevirostris as being an unused name. •Objective synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Daget 1968:1057 [ref. 26392]). •Valid as Hippocampus brevirostris Schinz 1822 -- (Herrera 1896:37 [ref. 39336], Vasil'eva 2007:325 [ref. 29769], Kuiter 2009:64 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Lourie et al. 1999:99 [ref. 23993], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:68 [ref. 26753], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:36 [ref. 36649], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

brunneus, Hippocampus Bean [T. H.] 1906:32 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 19; ref. 15640] Long Bird Island, Bermuda. Holotype (unique): FMNH 5954. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:46 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Kuiter 2009:72 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

caballus, Syngnathus Larrañaga [D. A.] 1923:378, 390 [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Also appeared in Devincenzi 1925:318, 323 [ref. 20322]; Devincenzi treated as a synonym of Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot 1853. •Synonym of Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot 1853 -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

camelopardalis, Hippocampus Bianconi [G. G.] 1854:68 [Rendiconto delle Sessioni dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Instituto dei Bologna 1853-1854 (for 11 May 1854); ref. 17949] Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. but see BMNH 1920.12.6.2. Name also appeared in Bianconi 1854:223 [ref. 295] and Bianconi 1855:145 [ref. 26452] with figure. •Valid as Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi 1854 -- (Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:83 [ref. 23993], Fricke 1999:151 [ref. 24106] as cameleopardalis, Kuiter 2009:121 [ref. 30404] dated 1855, Lourie 2016:102 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:18 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Fricke et al. 2018:124 [ref. 35805], Short et al. 2019:121 [ref. 36532], Moots 2022:467 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa and Mozambique east to Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius (western Mascarenes). Habitat: marine.

capensis, Hippocampus Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:11, Pl. 3 (fig. 2) [Marine Investigations in South Africa No. 8; ref. 14723] Knysna Harbor, Cape Province, South Africa. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1898.12.17.3. •Valid as Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900 -- (Dawson 1986:453 [ref. 5650], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:85 [ref. 23993], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:140 [ref. 28072], Kuiter 2009:119 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:116 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:19 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Moots 2022:467 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic; southeastern Atlantic, southwestern Indian Ocean: south coast of South Africa. Habitat: brackish, marine.

casscsio, Hippocampus Zhang [Y.-H.], Qin [G.], Wang [X.] & Lin [Q.] 2016:385, Figs. 1, 2a [Zootaxa 4170 (no. 2); ref. 34762] Beihai, Beibu Bay, China (approximately 21°20'N, 109°02'E), depth 15 meters. Holotype: SCSMBC 007414. Paratypes: SCSMBC. •Valid as Hippocampus casscsio Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin 2016. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus casscsio Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin 2016. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: China. Habitat: marine.

chinensis, Hippocampus Basilewsky [S.] 1855:249 [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Oriental seas, Beijing [Peking], China. No types at ZIN. Appeared as "Hippocampus Chinensis (Syngnathus Hippocampus Linn.)..." so probably can be regarded as a replacement name. •Valid as Hippocampus chinensis Basilewsky 1855 -- (Kuiter 2009:114 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: coasts of mainland China. Habitat: marine.

colemani, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2003:113, Figs. 1-4 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 55; ref. 27123] Near Erscott's Hole, lagoon, Lord Howe Island, about 32°32.950'S, 159°05.080'E, depth 5 meters. Holotype: AMS I41181-001. Paratypes: AMS I41181-002 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus colemani Kuiter 2003 -- (Fricke 2004:39 [ref. 28269], Lourie & Kuiter 2008:54 [ref. 29944], Gomon & Kuiter 2009:41 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:135 [ref. 30404], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436], Allen & Erdmann 2012:201 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:76 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36055], Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus colemani Kuiter 2003. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Lord Howe Island. ? Papua New Guinea and Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine.

comes, Hippocampus Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1371 [389], Pl. 11 (fig. 2) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1982.6.17.9 [ex 1860.3.19.532]. On p. 389 of separate. See Fricke 1999:146 [ref. 24106]. •Valid as Hippocampus comes Cantor 1849 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:87 [ref. 23993], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Choo & Liew 2003:271 [ref. 26841], Choo & Liew 2004:412 [ref. 28042], Kuiter 2009:106 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:201 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:92 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:21 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Moots 2022:468 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus comes Cantor 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: southern india and Sri Lanka east to Philippines. Habitat: marine.

coronatus, Hippocampus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:274, Pl. 120 (fig. 7) [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Lectotype: RMNH D1543 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: RMNH ? D1541-42 (2, stuffed), ? D1544 (1, stuffed), 3924 (1) not this species [ref. 35660:125]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:196 [ref. 12876]. •Valid as Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel 1850 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Kim & Lee 1995:76 [ref. 22284], Gomon 1997:246 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:89 [ref. 23993], Nakabo 2000:536 [ref. 25086], Shimizu 2001:24 [ref. 25799], Wang et al. 2001:199 [ref. 26566] dated 1847, Nakabo 2002:536 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:233, 554 [ref. 26218], Kuiter 2009:129 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:106 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:21 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:119, 135 [ref. 35660]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan and South Korea. Habitat: marine.

curvicuspis, Hippocampus Fricke [R.] 2004:34, Fig. 17 [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Nouméa, 22°16'S, 166°26'E, Grande Terre, New Caledonia. Holotype: AMS IB.4464. Paratypes: AMS IB.4155 (1). Plus non-type material. •Questionably valid, or a synonym of Hippocampus hendriki Kuiter 2001 -- (Kuiter 2009:18, 89 [ref. 30404]). •Valid as Hippocampus curvicuspis Fricke 2004 -- (Fricke et al. 2011:375 [ref. 31242], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632] in part). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus curvicuspis Fricke 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

dahli, Hippocampus Ogilby [J. D.] 1908:17 [Annals of the Queensland Museum No. 9 (pt 1); ref. 3285] Moreton Bay, Noosa, southern Queensland, Australia. Holotype: QM I.788. Paratypes: QM (missing). •Synonym of Hippocampus planifrons Peters 1877. •Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:125 [ref. 23993]). •Valid as Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908 -- (Kuiter 2001:308 [ref. 25900], Horne 2001:245 [ref. 25696], Paxton et al. 2006:826 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:124 [ref. 30404], Larson et al. 2013:77 [ref. 32988], Lourie et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34632], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern and eastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

deanei, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] 1861:243 [Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 10 [for 1858]; ref. 1149] Sierra Leone. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-1711. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:52 [ref. 19576]. •Synonym of Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot 1853 -- (Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542]). •Synonym of Hippocampus bicuspis Kaup 1856 -- (Kuiter 2009:108 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:71 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:14 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

debelius, Hippocampus Gomon [M. F.] & Kuiter [R. H.] 2009:41, Figs. 3c-5 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 30036] Hurghada, Erg Camel, 27°56'47"N, 33°35'43"E, Egypt, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): NMV A 29864-001. •Valid as Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter 2009 -- (Kuiter 2009:90 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:132 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:50 [ref. 36273], Moots 2022:469 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter 2009. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

denise, Hippocampus Lourie [S. A.] & Randall [J. E.] 2003:286, Figs. 2, 4a, 4b, 5, 6-10 [Zoological Studies v. 42 (no. 2); ref. 27038] Banta Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, 8°24'S, 119°17'E, depth 26 meters. Holotype: MZB 10920. Paratypes: BPBM 38955 (3); MZB 10921 (1); USNM 368872-73 (1, 3), 370526 (1). Name is a noun in apposition. •Valid as Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall 2003 -- (Lourie & Kuiter 2008:54 [ref. 29944], Gomon & Kuiter 2009:41 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:140 [ref. 30404], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436], Foster et al. 2012:55 [ref. 31765], Allen & Erdmann 2012:203 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:78 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Fricke et al. 2019:95 [ref. 36673], Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526], Sunuddin et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38886]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall 2003. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands, south to northern Australia and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

ecuadorensis, Hippocampus Fowler [H. W.] 1922:446, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 73 (for 1921); ref. 15310] Bahia, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): ANSP 24198. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:159 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858 -- (Fritzsche 1980:186 [ref. 1511], Lourie et al. 1999:103 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:84 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:29 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

elongatus, Hippocampus Castelnau [F. L.] 1873:144 [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Fremantle, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-4536. Kuiter's 2001:330 [ref. 25900] reasons for reversing the selection of subelongatus over elongatus by Lourie et al. 1999 is not supported by the Code. See Kuiter 2001:330 [ref. 25900] for discussion of type. •Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442]). •Wrongly valid as Hippocampus elongatus Castelanu 1873 -- (Kuiter 2001:330 [ref. 25900]). •Synonym of Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau 1873 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:123 [ref. 23993], Paxton et al. 2006:828 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:94 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:41 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau 1873. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

equus, Gasterosteus Cabrera y Corro [A.], Pérez [L.] & Hänseler [F.] 1817:7 [Lista de los peces del mar de Andalucía; ref. 17319] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only, not available. Possibly an unpublished work. See also Gasterosteus equus Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler in Machado 1857:24 [ref. 17320]. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

equus, Gasterosteus Cabrera y Corro [A.], Pérez [L.] & Hänseler [F.] in Machado 1857:24 [Catálogo de los peces que habitán ó frecuentan las costas de Cadiz y Huelva con inclusion de los del Rio Guadalquivir.; ref. 17320] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only; not available. Name from Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 181:7 [ref. 17319], apparently an unpublished work. Authorship from Graells 1887:141 [ref. 30438]. Also appeared as name only in Graells 1887:181 [ref. 30438]. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

erectus, Hippocampus Perry [G.] 1810:Unnumbered p. 177, Pl. 45 [Ichthyology. In: Arcana, or, The Museum of Natural History v. 1; ref. 12255] Florida, USA. Old locality: American Seas, Mexico, West Indies. Neotype: USNM 223087. Published Dec. 1810. Neotype designated by Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]. •Valid as Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Smith 1986:418 [ref. 22186], Robins & Ray 1986:124 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:633 [ref. 9166], Scott & Scott 1988:349 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:135 [ref. 14674], Cervigón 1991:275 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:95 [ref. 23239], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Murdy et al. 1997:138 [ref. 23144], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:1056 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:48 [ref. 24221], Lourie et al. 1999:83 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:235 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:189 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:155 [ref. 27754], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:322 [ref. 26158], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1224 [ref. 27044], Menezes & Moura in Menezes et al. 2003:71 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:18 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:111 [ref. 27807], Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004:344 [ref. 28610], Kuiter 2009:72 [ref. 30404], García-Hernández et al. 2009:92 [ref. 37265], Page et al. 2013:114 [ref. 32708], Silveira et al. 2014:320 [ref. 33493], Lourie 2016:128 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632], Nión et al. 2016:44 [ref. 35565], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Spier et al. 2018:8 [ref. 36103], Carneiro et al. 2019:175 [ref. 37250], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:412 [ref. 38945], Robertson et al. 2022:87 [ref. 39353], Simian et al. 2022:375 [ref. 40776], Carvalho-Filho 2023:101 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40726]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Canad) south to Uruguay, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; northeastern Atlantic: Azores. Habitat: marine.

erinaceus, Hippocampus Günther [A.] 1870:206 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] No locality [possibly northeastern Australia]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1855.9.19.1385. •Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:73 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2001:335 [ref. 25900], Kuiter 2009:96 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

europaeus, Hippocampus Ginsburg [I.] 1933:561 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] La Rochelle, France, Bay of Biscay, northeastern Atlantic. Holotype: USNM 28544. Paratypes: (8) USNM 93217 (2). •Valid as Hippocampus europaeus Ginsburg 1933 -- (Kuiter 2009:66 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:630 [ref. 13676], Lourie et al. 1999:99 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fasciatus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:3 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Japan. Name not available, no distinguishing features. Appeared first in Kaup 1853:228 [ref. 2569] without distinguishing features. •No distinguishing features within Hippocampus, status unknown (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Unknown. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fascicularis, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel) 1856:15 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Mexico. Holotype (unique): NMW 75524 (missing). •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:235 [ref. 24550], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

filamentosus, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] 1870:507 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] "Latinization of Hippocampe filamenteaux Cloquet, Dict. Sci. Nat., Levrault. Atlas, Poiss., 1821, pl. 7". Not available, name in the synonymy of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •In the synonymy of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fisheri, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:169 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Kailua, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50625. Paratypes: BPBM 1687 (1), FMNH 3946 (1), MCZ (1, never received), CAS-SU 7450 (3), USNM 126534 [ex USBF 1058/USFC 2700] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:61 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:46 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann 1903 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:93 [ref. 23993], Mundy 2005:319 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:162 [ref. 30952], Kuiter 2009:92 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:118 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:25 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann 1903. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

fuscus, Hippocampus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:143, Pl. 33 (fig. 3) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Syntypes: SMF 876 (1), 4914 (1). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838 -- (Dor 1984:78 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:20 [ref. 25356], Lourie et al. 1999:95 [ref. 23993], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S102 [ref. 27377], Golani 2005:31 [ref. 37112], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:124 [ref. 36858], Fricke et al. 2007:73 [ref. 29533], Kuiter 2009:67 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:119 [ref. 34505], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[20] 258 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:50 [ref. 36273], Suresh et al. 2018:167 [ref. 36495], Bariche & Fricke 2020:147 [ref. 37515], Golani 2021:35 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:37 [ref. 39014], Moots 2022:469 [ref. 39722], Ergüden & Ayas 2023:33 [ref. 40488]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine.

gigas, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Girard) 1870:503 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Not available, name only -- (Lourie et al. 1999:166 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). Name attributed to Girard, but no such name found in Girard references. Nomen Nudum. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

graciliformis, Hippocampus McCulloch [A. R.] 1911:29, Pl. 6 (fig. 2) [Biological Results Endeavour [v. 1] (pt 1); ref. 2936] Near Bass Strait, Australia. Holotype (unique): AMS E.429. •Synonym of Hippocampus bleekeri Fowler 1907 -- (Kuiter 2001:323 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:826 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:448 [ref. 22532], Lourie et al. 1999:69 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

gracilis, Hippocampus Gill [T. N.] 1862:282 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1667] Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM (missing). •Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858 -- (Fritzsche 1980:186 [ref. 1511], Lourie et al. 1999:103 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:29 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

grandiceps, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:336, Fig. 52 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Western Booby Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 10°44'S, 141°53'E, depth 10 meters. Holotype: NTM S13273-019. Paratypes: AMS I.15557-075 (3); NTM S13274-007 (3); QM I.12287 (1), I.26319 (1), I.30583 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus grandiceps Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:826 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:95 [ref. 30404], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870 -- (Lourie 2016:88 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: eastern Gulf of Carpentaria (if valid). Habitat: marine.

guttulatus, Hippocampus Cuvier [G.] 1829:363 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Nice, France [old locality: Mediterranean Sea]. Neotype: MNHN 2016-0023. Based on brief description and citation to "Will. J. 25, f. 3." See comments under Hippocampus brevirostris on types and status of eastern Atlantic seahorses. Neotype designated by Lourie et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34632]. •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:631 [ref. 13676], Golani 2005:31 [ref. 37112]). •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Vasil'eva 2007:72 [ref. 30517], Kuiter 2009:58 [ref. 30404], Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547]). •Valid as Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:97 [ref. 23993], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:68 [ref. 26753], Choo & Liew 2003:271 [ref. 26841], Fricke et al. 2007:73 [ref. 29533], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:170 [ref. 31251], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:36 [ref. 36649], Lourie 2016:126 [ref. 34505], Fritzsche 2016:2236 [ref. 34608], Lourie et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Woodall et al. 2017:8 [ref. 36468], Artüz & Fricke 2019:555 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:175 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:95 [ref. 36864], Bariche & Fricke 2020:111 [ref. 37515], Dyldin et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37569], Kovačić et al. 2020:23 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:66 [ref. 38883], Kovačić et al. 2021:37 [ref. 39014], Niță et al. 2022:139 [ref. 40471], Ergüden & Ayas 2023:33 [ref. 40488]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Portugal, including Azores and Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine.

haema, Hippocampus Han [S.-Y.], Kim [J.-K.], Kai [Y.] & Senou [H.] 2017:129, Figs. 3A-E, 4A, 5A-B, 6A, 6D [ZooKeys No. 712; ref. 35660] Namcheon Harbor, Namcheon I-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan, Korea, 35°08'16"N, 129°06'51"E. Holotype: PKU 9641. Paratypes: FAKU, KAUM, KPM-NI, NIBR, PKU, RMNH.PISC.D. •Valid as Hippocampus haema Han, Kim, Kai & Senou 2017 -- (Yoshigou 2019:199 [ref. 36714], Kim et al. 2020:87 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:36 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus haema Han, Kim, Kai & Senou 2017. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Korea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

hendriki, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:333, Fig. 48 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Cape York, 10°39'S, 142°30'E, depth 16-18 meters. Holotype: AMS I.20923-002. Paratypes: AMS IA.6752 (1); CSIRO H 3639-03 (?); QM I.15837 (1), I.11772 (2). •Valid as Hippocampus hendriki Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:827 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:95 [ref. 30404], Larson et al. 2013:77 [ref. 32988], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870 -- (Lourie 2016:88 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

heptagonus, Hippocampus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:18 [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Unneeded replacement of Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus 1758. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:37 [ref. 3595]. Spelled pentagonus by Ginsburg 1937:530 [ref. 1801]. •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Lourie et al. 1999:99 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632], Parenti 2019:102 [ref. 37117]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

hildebrandi, Hippocampus Ginsburg [I.] 1933:562 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] Chame Point, (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: USNM 82063. Paratypes: USNM 82037 (1), 82039 (1). •Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858 -- (Fritzsche 1980:186 [ref. 1511], Lourie et al. 1999:103 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:29 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

hilonis, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:169 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50626. •Valid as Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann 1903 -- (Kuiter 2009:109 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Mundy 2005:320 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:163 [ref. 30952], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Pacific: Hawaiian Islands [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

hippocampus, Syngnathus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:338 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Spain/Portugal, eastern Atlantic. Neotype: BMNH 1872.2.6.3. Type catalog: Wheeler 1985:42 [ref. 20705]. Neotype selected by Vasil'eva 2007:325 [ref. 29769]. See comments on the neotype under the account of brevirostris. Neotype by Vasil'eva is suppressed - ZMMU P-21676 [ref. 34632]. •Valid as Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:630 [ref. 13676], Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Santos et al. 1997:74 [ref. 23531], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:68 [ref. 26753], Falcón et al. 2003:145 [ref. 39343], Golani 2005:31 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:74 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:325 [ref. 29769], Kuiter 2009:58 [ref. 30404], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:36 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547], Lourie 2016:129 [ref. 34505], Fritzsche 2016:2236 [ref. 34608], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Woodall et al. 2017:8 [ref. 36468], Artüz & Fricke 2019:555 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:176 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:95 [ref. 36864], Bariche & Fricke 2020:112 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:23 [ref. 37519], Abliazov et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38576], Bañón & Maño 2021:66 [ref. 38883], Borkenhagen & Enners 2021:34 [ref. 38278], Golani 2021:35 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:37 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:219 [ref. 39448] with question). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Senegal, including Azores and Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine.

histrix, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:17, Pl. 2 (fig. 5) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Japan. Syntypes: MNHN A-0906 (1), RMNH (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:52 [ref. 19576]. Appeared first without distinguishing features in Kaup 1853:229 [ref. 2569]. Emended to hystrix apparently first by Günther 1870:206 [ref. 1995]. •Valid as Hippocampus histrix Kaup 1856 -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:36 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:78 [ref. 29757], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1986:453 [ref. 5650], Allen & Swainston 1988:46 [ref. 25477] as hystrix, Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Goren & Dor 1994:20 [ref. 25356], Kim & Lee 1995:76 [ref. 22284], Randall 1995:103 [ref. 22896], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Allen 1997:72 [ref. 23977], Larson & Williams 1997:352 [ref. 23967], Lourie et al. 1999:244 [ref. 23766], Myers 1999:89 [ref. 23965], Lourie et al. 1999:101 [ref. 23993], Fricke 1999:151 [ref. 24106], Paulus 1999:2272 [ref. 24794], Nakabo 2000:534 [ref. 25086], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:27 [ref. 25847], Kuiter 2001:333 [ref. 25900], Nakabo 2002:534 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:233, 555 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:617 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:10 [ref. 27624], Choo & Liew 2004:412 [ref. 28042], Fricke 2004:36 [ref. 28269], Randall 2005:110 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:319 [ref. 28379], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:126 [ref. 36858], Randall 2007:162 [ref. 30952], Kuiter 2009:88 [ref. 30404], Motomura et al. 2010:86 [ref. 31256], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:64 [ref. 35264], Lourie 2016:94 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:28 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:134 [ref. 35660], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus histrix Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

horai, Hippocampus Duncker [G.] 1925:475, Fig. [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 27 (pt. 6); ref. 15584] Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): ZSI F11836. Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:140 [ref. 20743]. •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

hudsonius, Hippocampus DeKay [J. E.] 1842:322, Pl. 53 (fig. 171) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York, U.S.A. Syntypes: New York State coll. (whereabouts unknown). •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Smith 1986:419 [ref. 22186], Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:235 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:155 [ref. 27754], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Silveira et al. 2014:320 [ref. 33493], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

ingens, Hippocampus Girard [C. F.] 1858:342 [General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857; ref. 4911] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Lectotype: USNM 982. Paralectotypes: MCZ 35914 [ex USNM 982] (1), UMMZ 118063 (1), USNM 214485 [ex USNM 982] (2). Lectotype selected by Fritzsche 1980:185 [ref. 1511]. •Valid as Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858 -- (Herrera 1896:37 [ref. 39336], Fritzsche 1980:185 [ref. 1511], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:129 [ref. 9277], Pequeño 1989:55 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:98 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:80 [ref. 23101], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:293 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:285 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:101 [ref. 24555], Lourie et al. 1999:103 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:236 [ref. 24550], Thomson et al. 2000:67 [ref. 25640], Nelson et al. 2004:111 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:71 [ref. 37547], Kuiter 2009:84 [ref. 30404], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:190 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:114 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:145 [ref. 34871], Lourie 2016:120 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:29 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Kells et al. 2016:124 [ref. 35888], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:300 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:103 [ref. 39279], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:256 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: California (U.S.A.) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

japapigu, Hippocampus Short [G.], Smith [Ri.], Motomura [H.], Harasti [D.] & Hamilton [H.] 2018:30, Figs. 1-5, 7A, 8A, 9 [ZooKeys No. 779; ref. 36055] Off Imasaki, Okago, Hachijo-jima Island, Izu Islands, Japan, 33°08'48"N, 139°44'37"E, depth 10 meters. Holotype: UW 157506. Paratypes: KAUM-I, UW. •Valid as Hippocampus japapigu Short, Smith, Motomura, Harasti & Hamilton 2018 -- (Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus japapigu Short, Smith, Motomura, Harasti & Hamilton 2018. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Izu Islands, subtropical southeast Japan and Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

japonicus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:7 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Nagasaki, seas of Japan. Syntypes: RMNH D.1540 (1, stuffed), 3915 (5). Appeared first without distinguishing features in Kaup 1853:228 [ref. 2569]. Specimen catalog numbers changed on 4 Feb. 2013. •Valid as Hippocampus japonicus Kaup 1856 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Kim & Lee 1995:76 [ref. 22284], Cheng & Zhou 1997:238 [ref. 26385], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:9 [ref. 24670], Shimizu 2001:24 [ref. 25799], Shinohara et al. 2001:313 [ref. 25995], Wang et al. 2001:198 [ref. 26566], Choi et al. 2003:233, 555 [ref. 26218] as Kaup 1853, Kuiter 2009:130 [ref. 30404], Parin et al. 2014:208 [ref. 33547]). •Synonym of Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker 1853 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:244 [ref. 23766], Lourie et al. 1999:115 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:33 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

jayakari, Hippocampus Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:51, Fig. [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 6 (no. 31); ref. 14719] Muscat, Oman, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1900.5.23.1. •Appears to be a synonym of Hippocampus histrix Kaup 1853 -- (Randall 1995:103 [ref. 22896]). •Valid as Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger 1900 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:105 [ref. 23993], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S102 [ref. 27377], Randall 2005:110 [ref. 28239], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:124 [ref. 36858], Fricke et al. 2009:37 [ref. 30213], Kuiter 2009:86 [ref. 30404], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:64 [ref. 35264], Jawad et al. 2011:147 [ref. 31521], Lourie 2016:96 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:29 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Golani & Fricke 2018:51 [ref. 36273], Eagderi et al. 2019:134 [ref. 37020], Moots 2022:469 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger 1900. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Pakistan and Maldives. Habitat: marine.

jubatus, Hippocampus De la Pylaie [A. J. M.] 1835:529 [Congrès Scientifique de France v. 2 (Sept. 1834) (art. 5); ref. 1086] No locality. No types known. Minimal description. France, ne. Atlantic Ocean. Treated as nomen nudum by Lourie et al. 1999:169 [ref. 23993]. •Unidentifiable within Hippocampus -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

jugumus, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:306, Fig. 9 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Lord Howe Island, off New South Wales, 31°31'S, 159°05'E. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.2424. •Valid as Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter 2001 -- (Fricke 2004:36, 39 [ref. 28269], Kuiter 2009:93 [ref. 30404], Randall & Lourie 2009:21 [ref. 30536], Lourie 2016:133 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:30 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter 2001. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Lord Howe Island, Australia and ? northern New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

kampylotrachelos, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1854:107 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 16939] Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7257. •Valid as Hippocampus kampylotrachelos Bleeker 1854 -- (Kuiter 2001:307 [ref. 25900], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Paxton et al. 2006:827 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:122 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:125 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Indonesia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

kaupii, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] 1870:516 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Gold Coast, West Africa. Holotype (unique): RMNH 1547. Replacement name for Hippocampus punctulatus Kaup 1856, preoccupied by Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot 1853. •Synonym of Hippocampus bicuspis Kaup 1856 -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:71 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:14 [ref. 34632]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

kelloggi, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:14, Pl. 8 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Kagoshima, Japan. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 6521. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:61 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Choi et al. 2003:555 [ref. 26218]). •Valid as Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder 1901 -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:37 [ref. 19754], Chen et al. 1997:35 [ref. 26476], Lourie et al. 1999:244 [ref. 23766], Lourie et al. 1999:103 [ref. 23993], Nakabo 2000:535 [ref. 25086], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:535 [ref. 26001], Choo & Liew 2003:273 [ref. 26841], Choo & Liew 2004:411 [ref. 28042], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:124 [ref. 36858], Kuiter 2009:116 [ref. 30404], Motomura et al. 2010:86 [ref. 31256], Jawad et al. 2011:147 [ref. 31521], Nakae in Kimura et al. 2015:28 [ref. 34319], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Lourie 2016:110 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Han et al. 2017:134 [ref. 35660], Harasti 2017:[1] 1018 [ref. 37617], Short et al. 2019:121 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder 1901. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines to southern Japan, south to New South Wales ( Australia). Habitat: marine.

kincaidi, Hippocampus Townsend [C. H.] & Barbour [T.] 1906:305, Figured [Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society No. 23; ref. 15718] Bermuda. Holotype (unique): MCZ 29127. •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

kuda, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1852:82 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 16832] Singapore. Syntypes: (2) RMNH 5167 (1 of several), BMNH 1867.11.28.360 (1). Bleeker specimens: NMV 46227-28 (2). Misspelled cudua and kudua by authors -- (Whitley & Allen 1958:39 [ref. 21838]). •Valid as Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Dor 1984:78 [ref. 29757], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1986:453 [ref. 5650], Allen & Swainston 1988:46 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:453 [ref. 25598], Randall et al. 1990:75 [ref. 15987], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:218 [ref. 24016], Goren & Dor 1994:20 [ref. 25356], Kim & Lee 1995:76 [ref. 22284], Randall 1995:104 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:184 [ref. 27969], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Allen 1997:72 [ref. 23977], Larson & Williams 1997:352 [ref. 23967], Carpenter et al. 1997:133 [ref. 23922], Kuiter 1997:74 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:75 [ref. 25919], Anderson et al. 1998:22 [ref. 23611], Lourie et al. 1999:244 [ref. 23766], Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Myers 1999:89 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:151 [ref. 24106], Paulus 1999:2272 [ref. 24794], Nakabo 2000:535 [ref. 25086], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:158 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:56 [ref. 25480], Sakai et al. 2001:91 [ref. 25693], Horne 2001:245 [ref. 25696], Nakabo 2002:535 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:233, 555 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Choo & Liew 2003:271 [ref. 26841], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S102 [ref. 27377], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:34 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:10 [ref. 27624], Choo & Liew 2004:411 [ref. 28042], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:140 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:110 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:320 [ref. 28379], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:125 [ref. 36858], Kuiter 2009:110 [ref. 30404], Motomura et al. 2010:87 [ref. 31256], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:64 [ref. 35264], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie 2016:122 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:134 [ref. 35660], Jawad et al. 2018:102 [ref. 36262] as H. kuda s.l., Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 13 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:357 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:337 [ref. 39830], Moots 2022:470 [ref. 39722], Vilasri et al. 2023:75 [ref. 40764]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Maldives and Myanmar east to western Indonesia, Gulf of Thailand and Vietnam, north to China. Habitat: brackish, marine.

laevicaudatus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel) 1856:16, Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] North America. Holotype (unique): NMW 75535. •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

lenis, Hippocampus De Vis [C. W.] 1908 Not available, name only. From Kuiter 2001:308, 309 [ref. 25900]; unpublished museum name, based on specimen label of QM I.788, which later became the holotype of Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908 -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

lichtensteinii, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:8 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Locality not stated (probably from the Red Sea? or Japan). Syntypes: (3) ZMB 4317 (2). •Uncertain as Hippocampus species inquirenda -- (Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus lichtensteinii Kaup 1856 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:111 [ref. 23993], Goren & Dor 1994:20 [ref. 25356], Kuiter 2009:128 [ref. 30404], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Moots 2022:471 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus lichtensteinii Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Japan?. Habitat: marine.

longirostris, Hippocampus Schinz [H. R.] (ex Willughby) 1822:262 [Das Thierreich v. 2; ref. 3926] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Original spelling as Hyppocampus longirostris; appeared in footnote. Based on Hippocampus non aculeatus incisuris raris of Willughby 1686:Pl. I.25, fig. 4 [ref. 30164]. •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814, but a valid subspecies -- (Daget 1968:1057, 1059 [ref. 26392]). •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

manadensis, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1856:79 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7256. •Valid as Hippocampus manadensis Bleeker 1856 -- (Kuiter 2009:125 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:203 [ref. 31980]). •Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:125 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: northern Sulawesi, Indonesia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

mannulus, Hippocampus Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1370 [388], Pl. 11 (fig. 1) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.3.19.530-531 (2, dry). On p. 388 of separate. •Questionable synonym of Hippocampus comes Cantor 1849 -- (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:125 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

marginalis, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel) 1856:15 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Mexico. Holotype (unique): NMW 89899. •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:235 [ref. 24550], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

melanospilos, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1854:505 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 344] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 5165 (1 of 4). Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.362 (1), RMNH 5165 (3 of 4). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Synonym of Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker 1852 -- (Kuiter 2001:314 [ref. 25900], Kuiter 2009:112 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

microcoronatus, Hippocampus hippocampus Slastenenko [E. P.] 1938:175 [Annales scientifiques de l'Université de Jassy Pt. 2 Sciences Naturelles v. 25 (pt 2, no. 1); ref. 18722] Black Sea and Sea of Azov. No types at ZIN. Unneeded new name for Hippocampus microstephanus Slastenenko 1937. •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547]). •Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:97 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea and Sea of Azov (if valid). Habitat: brackish, marine.

microstephanus, Hippocampus hippocampus Slastenenko [E. P.] 1937:81 [Archives of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University v. 4; ref. 21851] Black Sea. Syntypes: none found at ZIN. •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190]). •Possibly valid (as Hippocampus microstephanus Slastenenko 1937) -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547]). •Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:97 [ref. 23993], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:68 [ref. 26753], Lourie et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea [if valid]. Habitat: brackish, marine.

minotaur, Hippocampus Gomon [M. F.] 1997:246, Figs. 1, 2a, 3a-2 [Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria v. 56 (no. 1); ref. 22842] Off Eden, New South Wales, Australia, depth 35-40 fathoms (64-73 meters). Holotype: NMV A192. Paratypes: AMS IA.3509 (1), IA.3560 (1), NMV A14161 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus minotaur Gomon 1997 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:113 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2001:304 [ref. 25900], Lourie & Randall 2003:284 [ref. 27038], Paxton et al. 2006:827 [ref. 29073], Lourie & Kuiter 2008:54 [ref. 29944], Kuiter 2008:456 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:141 [ref. 30404], Foster & Gomon 2010:61 [ref. 30956], Lourie 2016:136 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:33 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus minotaur Gomon 1997. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: New South Wales and Victoria. Habitat: marine.

mohnikei, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1853:16, Fig. 2 [Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam) v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 16922] Kaminoseki Island, Japan. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7259 (1 of 3). Appeared first without distinguishing features in Bleeker 1853:55 [ref. 340]. Variously spelled monickei, monckei, monikei, etc. by authors (Whitley & Allen 1958:39 [ref. 21838]). •Valid as Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker 1853 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:244 [ref. 23766], Lourie et al. 1999:115 [ref. 23993], Nakabo 2000:534 [ref. 25086], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Kanou & Kohno 2001:361 [ref. 25792], Nakabo 2002:534 [ref. 26001], Kuiter 2009:115 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:107 [ref. 34505] dated 1854, Lourie et al. 2016:33 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:134 [ref. 35660], Kim et al. 2020:87 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:36 [ref. 37637], Stiller et al. 2022: Additional file p. 18 [ref. 39142], Yiu et al. 2022:457 [ref. 39562]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: India east to South China Sea, north to Sea of Japan (Korea, Japan). Habitat: marine.

moluccensis, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1852:305 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Syntypes: (2) whereaabouts unknown. •Valid as Hippocampus moluccensis Bleeker 1852 -- (Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Kuiter 2009:102 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:203 [ref. 31980]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (if valid). Habitat: marine.

montebelloensis, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:326, Fig. 36 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Off Trimoulle Island, Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia, 20°24'S, 115°34'E. Holotype: NTM S10804. Paratypes: WAM P.29078-001 (1). Type catalog: Moore et al. 2008:16 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Hippocampus montebelloensis Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:827 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:126 [ref. 30404], Kumar & Geetha 2012:56 [ref. 39543] misidentified, Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus zebra Whitley 1964 -- (Lourie 2016:138 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:44 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus zebra Whitley 1964. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: Exmouth Gulf to Dampier Archipelago (Western Australia, Australia) (if valid). Habitat: marine.

multiannularis, Hippocampus guttulatus Ginsburg [I.] 1937:540, Figs. 56-57 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 83 (no. 2997); ref. 1801] Bay of Biscay, France, northeastern Atlantic. Holotype: UMMZ 111747. Paratypes: UMMZ 111748 (15), USNM 117545 [ex UMMZ 111748] (2). Additional material: 1 doubtfully referred. •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190]). •Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus but a valid subspecies as described -- (Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004:344 [ref. 28610]). •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:97 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

multiannularis, Hippocampus kuda Raj [B. S.] 1941:156 [Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 13151] Madras coast, India. Syntypes: Madras Aquarium (probably not preserved). Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Hippocampus guttulatus multiannularis Ginsburg 1937. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

multispinus, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:331, Fig. 45 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia, 10°49'S, 135°07'E, depth 54 meters. Holotype: NTM S12955-009. Paratypes: CSIRO B 3594 (?); NTM S12611-012 (1), S13917-001 (1), S13257-001 (1), S13326-003 (1), S13974-006 (1), S13541-001 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus multispinus Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:827 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:96 [ref. 30404], Larson et al. 2013:77 [ref. 32988], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870 -- (Lourie 2016:88 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea (if valid). Habitat: marine.

nalu, Hippocampus Short [F.], Claassens [L.], Smith [R.], de Brauwer [M.], Hamilton [H.], Stat [M.] & Harasti [D.] 2020:144, Figs. 1-7 [ZooKeys No. 934; ref. 37526] 2 Mile Reef, Sodwana Bay, South Africa, 27°30'46.6"S, 32°41'10.4"E, depth 12 - 17 meters. Holotype: SAM F041933. Paratype: SAM F041934 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus nalu Short, Claassens, Smith, de Brauwer, Hamilton, Stat & Harasti 2020 -- (Moots 2022:471 [ref. 39722]) Current status: Valid as Hippocampus nalu Short, Claassens, Smith, de Brauwer, Hamilton, Stat & Harasti 2020. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Habitat: marine.

natalensis, Hippocampus von Bonde [C.] 1923:9, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 193, depth 28 fathoms. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:95 [ref. 23993]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Dawson 1986:453 [ref. 5650], Lourie et al. 2016:66 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus natalensis von Bonde 1923 -- (Kuiter 2009:120 [ref. 30404], Moots 2022:471 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus natalensis von Bonde 1923. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), ?southern Mozambique. Habitat: marine.

novaehebudorum, Hippocampus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:162, Fig. 12 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1451] Vanuatu. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71352. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:159 [ref. 13621]. Originally as novae-hebudorum. •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Synonym of Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker 1852 -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

novaehollandiae, Hippocampus Steindachner [F.] 1866:474 [51], Pl. 1 (fig. 2) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 53; ref. 4210] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Syntypes: (4) NMW 59312 (3). On p. 51 of separate. Originally as novae Hollandiae n. sp.?. Did not appear in abstract, Steindachner 1866 [ref. 20460]. •Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:422 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:449 [ref. 22532], Lourie et al. 1999:127 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2001:327 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:829 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:43 [ref. 34632], Short et al. 2019:115 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

obscurus, Hippocampus Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Klunzinger 1871:653 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Red Sea. Not available, name mentioned in synonymy of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838 -- (Dor 1984:78 [ref. 29757], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

obscurus, Hippocampus Hemprich [F. W.] & Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Kaup 1856:10 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing under Hippocampus ramulosus. See Lourie et al. 1999:171 [ref. 23993]. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838. Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

obtusus, Hippocampus Ginsburg [I.] 1933:562 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U.S.A., Albatross. Holotype (unique): USNM 84527. •Synonym of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:117 [ref. 23993], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Silveira et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33493], Lourie et al. 2016:37 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

paradoxus, Hippocampus Foster [R.] & Gomon [M. F.] 2010:62, Figs. 1, 2A, 3 [Zootaxa No. 2613; ref. 30956] Southwest of Esperance, Western Australia, approximately 34°29'S, 121°32'E, depth 102 meters. Holotype (unique): SAMA F10490. •Valid as Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon 2010 -- (Lourie 2016:137 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:34 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon 2010. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South-western Australia (one specimen). Habitat: marine.

patagonicus, Hippocampus Piacentino [G. L. M.] & Luzzatto [D. C.] 2004:340, Figs. 2-3, 5 [Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n.s. v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 28610] Río Negro, San Antonio Oeste Bahía, 40°45'S, 64°55'W, Argentina. Holotype: MACN 8806. Paratypes: MACN 8807 (1), 8808 (1), 8809 (1). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004 -- (Kuiter 2009:70 [ref. 30404], Mabragaña et al. 2011:table S2 [ref. 31800], Silveira et al. 2014:323 [ref. 33493], Lourie 2016:130 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:35 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Vaccani et al. 2022:319 [ref. 39029], Carvalho-Filho 2023:101 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) south to Patagonia (Argentina). Habitat: marine.

pentagonus, Hippocampus Ginsburg [I.] 1937:530 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 83 (no. 2997); ref. 1801] Not available; an incorrect subsequent spelling of Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque 1810. Name was given as Hippocampus pentagonus Rafinesque. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632] with author as Rafinesque 1810). Misspelling. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

planifrons, Hippocampus Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1877:851 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876; ref. 3454] "Naturalists Channel", northwestern Australia, depth 10 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ZMB 9387. •Questionably a synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:171 [ref. 23993]). •Valid as Hippocampus planifrons Peters 1877 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:422 [ref. 12442], Larson & Williams 1997:352 [ref. 23967], Francis 1993:159 [ref. 25479], Paulus 1999:2269 [ref. 24794], Johnson 1999:726 [ref. 25471], Kuiter 2001:310 [ref. 25900], Hutchins 2001:27 [ref. 25847], Paxton et al. 2006:827 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:126 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:103 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:35 [ref. 34632], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus planifrons Peters 1877. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia, Australia: Shark Bay to Exmouth. Habitat: marine.

poeyi, Hippocampus Howell Rivero [L.] 1934:32, Fig. [Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural v. 8 (no. 6); ref. 3767] Havana, Cuba, depth 200 fathoms. Holotype (unique): MCZ 33913. •Synonym of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:117 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Silveira et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33493], Lourie et al. 2016:37 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

polytaenia, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1854:338 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 343] Larantuka, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Bleeker specimens or possible holotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.361 (1) Flores. •Valid as Hippocampus polytaenia Bleeker 1854 -- (Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Kuiter 2009:104 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:204 [ref. 31980]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia: Flores Sea, possibly adjacent areas [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

pontohi, Hippocampus Lourie [S. A.] & Kuiter [R. H.] 2008:59, Figs. 1A, 2A, 3A [Zootaxa No. 1963; ref. 29944] Lekuan II, Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1°36'05"N, 124°45'56"E, depth 16 meters. Holotype: MZB 13593. Paratypes: MZB 13596 (1), 13597 (1). Plus 2 specimens tentatively included. •Valid as Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter 2008 -- (Gomon & Kuiter 2009:41 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:134 [ref. 30404], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436], Allen & Erdmann 2012:204 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:80 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:36 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2018:36 [ref. 36055], Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526], Wada et al. 2021:38 [ref. 38521]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Fiji, north to Amami Islands (southern Japan), south to Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine.

procerus, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:328, Fig. 40 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] 5-11 kilometers nw Hervey Bay, Fairway Buoy, Queensland, 24°S, 152'E. Holotype: AMS E.2914. Paratypes: AMS I.492 (1), I.12554 (1), IA.4205 (1), IB.1011 (1); QM I.2208 (1), I.8792 (1), I.11000 (7), I.13012 (1), I.29963 (1), I.30772 (2). •Valid as Hippocampus procerus Kuiter 2001 -- (Paxton et al. 2006:828 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:44 [ref. 30404], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:43 [ref. 34632], Short et al. 2019:115 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

punctulatus, Hippocampus Guichenot [A.] 1853:174, Pl. 5 (fig. 2) [Sagra, R. de la, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba; ref. 18164] Cuba. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6092 (2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:52 [ref. 19576]. •Valid as Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot 1853 -- (Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Afonso et al. 1999:71 [ref. 25466]). •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:235 [ref. 24550], Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004:339 [ref. 28610], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Silveira et al. 2014:320 [ref. 33493], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia (if valid). Habitat: marine.

punctulatus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:14, Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Gold Coast, West Africa. Holotype (unique): RMNH 1547. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot 1853, replaced by Hippocampus kaupii Duméril 1870. •Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:71 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:14 [ref. 34632]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

pusillus, Hippocampus Fricke [R.] 2004:37, Fig. 18 [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Lifou Island, Baie du Santal, west of Récif Shelter, off Pointe Lefèvre, 20°53'55"S, 167°01'47"E, Loyalty Islands, 75-120 meters. Holotype: MNHN 2004-2029. Paratypes: MNHN 2002-3234 (1), SMNS 23384 (1). Type catalog: Fricke 2005:62 [ref. 29864]. •Valid as Hippocampus pusillus Fricke 2004 -- (Kuiter 2009:93 [ref. 30404], Randall & Lourie 2009:21 [ref. 30536], Fricke et al. 2011:376 [ref. 31242], Lourie 2016:134 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:37 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus pusillus Fricke 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

queenslandicus, Hippocampus Horne [M. L.] 2001:244, Fig. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25696] Off John Brewer Reef, 18°37'S, 147°03'E, Great Barrier Reef, depth 50 meters. Holotype: QM I24445. Paratypes: AMS I.40832-001 (1), I.40833-001 (1); NMV A21578-79 (1, 4); QM 124446 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne 2001 -- (Kuiter 2001:319 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:828 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:104 [ref. 30404], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Lourie 2016:112 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia (if valid). Habitat: marine.

raji, Hippocampus Whitley [G. P.] 1955:44 [Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales v. for 1953-54; ref. 4724] India. No types known. New name for Hippocampus kuda multiannularis Raj 1945, Proc. Indian Sci. Congress v. 27 (no. 3), p. 156. •Valid as Hippocampus raji Whitley 1955 -- (Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404] with question, Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

ramulosus, Hippocampus Leach [W. E.] in Leach & Nodder 1814:105, Pl. 47 (color) [Zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals v. 1-3; ref. 2738] Locality not known, probably Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1982.6.17.41. •Valid as Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:631 [ref. 13676], Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Santos et al. 1997:74 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:65 [ref. 24952], Golani 2005:31 [ref. 37112], Golani 2021:35 [ref. 38303]). •In the synonymy of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:68 [ref. 26753], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:36 [ref. 36649]). •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). •Hippocampus species inquirenda -- (Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

regulus, Hippocampus Ginsburg [I.] 1933:563 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] Harbor Island, Texas, U.S.A. Holotype: USNM 92950. Paratypes: (several). •Valid as Hippocampus regulus Ginsburg 1933 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:236 [ref. 24550]). •Synonym of Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert 1882 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:131 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

reidi, Hippocampus Ginsburg [I.] 1933:561 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] St. George, Grenada, British West Indies. Holotype: USNM 86590. Paratypes: (several) USNM 223673 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933 -- (Shimizu in Uyeno et al. 1983:202 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:124 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1991:277 [ref. 24472], Andreata & Séret 1996:584 [ref. 16204], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:1057 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:48 [ref. 24221], Lourie et al. 1999:117 [ref. 23993], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Musick et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24959], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:155 [ref. 27754], Collette et al. 2003:104 [ref. 26784], Dias & Rosa 2003:165 [ref. 26948], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1224 [ref. 27044], Menezes & Moura in Menezes et al. 2003:71 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:18 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:111 [ref. 27807], Kuiter 2009:74 [ref. 30404], Oliveira et al. 2010:373 [ref. 30935], Page et al. 2013:114 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:35 [ref. 33341], Silveira et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33493], Pinheiro et al. 2015:11 [ref. 34324], Lourie 2016:124 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:37 [ref. 34632], Nión et al. 2016:44 [ref. 35565] with author as Guinsburg, Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Costa et al. 2017:45 [ref. 35684], Pinault et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36448], Ribeiro et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36717], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:413 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:75 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:73 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:100 [ref. 40480], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40726]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to southern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

rhynchomacer, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] 1870:519 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] "Mer des Indies" [=China]; Singapore; China; Cochin. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-5987 -- 5991 (1, 2, 1, 1, 3). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:53 [ref. 19576]. Based on specimens and literature source. •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

ringens, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1905:119 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 1) (1903); ref. 2451] Not an original description. Referred to in description of Hippocampus hilonis, but not described. Apparently a misspelling of Hippocampus ingens (Girard 1859). •In the synonymy of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Misspelling. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

rondeletii, Hippocampus Yarrell [W.] (ex Willughby) 1841:452 [A History of British fishes. Second edition. v. 2; ref. 17751] Based on 'Hippocampus Rondel.' of Willughby 1686:Pl. I.25, fig. 3 [ref. 30164]. •Not available, name in synonymy -- (Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). Nomen Nudum. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

rosaceus, Hippocampus Risso [A.] 1827:184 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190], Lourie et al. 1999:95 [ref. 23933]). •Status uncertain -- (Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:46 [ref. 34632] as nomen nudum). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

rosamondae, Hippocampus Borodin [N. A.] 1928:16, Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Pilon, Cuba. Syntypes: VMM 316 (2) (now at AMNH). •Synonym of Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert 1882 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:131 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

satomiae, Hippocampus Lourie [S. A.] & Kuiter [R. H.] 2008:64, Figs. 1C, 2C, 3C [Zootaxa No. 1963; ref. 29944] Derawan Island, Kalimantan, Indonesia, 2°17.690'N, 118°15.692'E, depth 10-18 meters. Holotype: NMV A25420-001. Paratypes: NMV A25420-002 (1). Plus non-type specimen observations. •Valid as Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter 2008 -- (Gomon & Kuiter 2009:41 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:136 [ref. 30404], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436], Allen & Erdmann 2012:205 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:82 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:38 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36055], Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia, Borneo and Malaysia. Habitat: marine.

semispinosus, Hippocampus Kuiter [R. H.] 2001:320, Fig. 29 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] East Alas Strait, Indonesia, 8°20'S, 116°50'E, depth 40-60 meters. Holotype: NTM S10749-006. Paratypes: NTM S11920-002 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus semispinosus Kuiter 2001 -- (Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Fricke 2004:39 [ref. 28269], Paxton et al. 2006:828 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:100 [ref. 30404], Fricke et al. 2011:376 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:205 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:77 [ref. 32988], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). •Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Timor Sea region, Northern Territorry, Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

severnsi, Hippocampus Lourie [S. A.] & Kuiter [R. H.] 2008:61, Figs. 2B, 3B, 4B [Zootaxa No. 1963; ref. 29944] Between Alung Banua and Cela Point, Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1°37'07" to 1°36'47"N, 124°45'30" to 124°46'03", depth 15.2 meters. Holotype: MZB 13594. Paratypes: MZB 13595 (1), NMV A24980-001 (1). Plus non-type specimens represented by localities but apparently only observed. •Valid as Hippocampus severnsi Lourie & Kuiter 2008 -- (Gomon & Kuiter 2009:41 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:134 [ref. 30404], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436]). •Synonym of Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter 2008 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2012:204 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:80 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:36 [ref. 34632], Short et al. 2018:41 [ref. 36055]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

sexmaculatus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Schlegel) 1856:15 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Brief description occurs in account of Hippocampus mannulus. Treated as a nomen nudum by Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993] but there is a brief description; regarded as a name published in synonymy and not treated as valid when proposed. Nomen Nudum. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

sindonis, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:17, Pl. 11 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Totomi Bay, Hamamatsu, Totomi, Japan. Holotype (unique): USNM 47930. •Valid as Hippocampus sindonis Jordan & Snyder 1901 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:119 [ref. 23993], Nakabo 2000:536 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:536 [ref. 26001], Kuiter 2009:131 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:108 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:39 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:127, 134 [ref. 35660]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus sindonis Jordan & Snyder 1901. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

spinosissimus, Hippocampus Weber [M.] 1913:120, Fig. 44 [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Sapeh Strait, Indonesia, Siboga station 49, depth 70 meters. Syntypes: ZMA 104655 [or 104665] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:80 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:422 [ref. 12442], Lourie et al. 1999:231 [ref. 23766], Lourie et al. 1999:121 [ref. 23993], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Horne 2001:245 [ref. 25696], Hutchins 2001:27 [ref. 25847], Kuiter 2001:330 [ref. 25900], Choo & Liew 2003:271 [ref. 26841], Adrim et al. 2004:119 [ref. 27715] as spinossisimus, Choo & Liew 2004:411 [ref. 28042], Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:126 [ref. 36858], Kuiter 2009:105 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:205 [ref. 31980], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie 2016:112 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:121 [ref. 36532], Moots 2022:472 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Philippines, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

stylifer, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:265 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. (stomach content). Holotype (unique): USNM 30876. •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

subcoronatus, Hippocampus Günther [A.] in Playfair & Günther 1867:139, Pl. 20 (fig. 4) [The fishes of Zanzibar; ref. 3490] Zanzibar Tanzania; Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.3.7.399 (1). •Synonym of Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi 1854 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:83 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:18 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

subelongatus, Hippocampus Castelnau [F. L.] 1873:145 [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Fremantle, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-4535. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:53 [ref. 19576]. None of the reasons cited by Kuiter 2001:330 [ref. 25900] to change the subsequent selection of Lourie et al. 1999, selecting subelongatus over elongatus are valid; Kuiter's reasons are not supported by the Code -- there is no such thing as page preference for example, or because subelongatus is a derivative of elongatus. Type follows discussion in Kuiter 2001:330 [ref. 25900]. •Wrongly as a synonym of Hippocampus elongatus Castelnau 1873 -- (Kuiter 2001:330 [ref. 25900]). •Valid as Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau 1873 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:123 [ref. 23993], Paxton et al. 2006:828 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:94 [ref. 30404], Laurie 2016:98 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:41 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau 1873. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

suezensis, Hippocampus Duncker [G.] 1940:86 [Publications of the Marine Biological Station Al-Ghardaqa (Red Sea) No. 3; ref. 1157] Suez, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea; northwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: (2) MBSH (apparently lost), ZMH (apparently lost). •Synonym of Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder 1901 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:103 [ref. 23993] with question, Mehanna & Al-Mahdawi 2006:124 [ref. 36858], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus suezensis Duncker 1940 -- (Dor 1984:78 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:20 [ref. 25356], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S102 [ref. 27377], Kuiter 2009:118 [ref. 30404], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:64 [ref. 35264], Jawad et al. 2011:147 [ref. 31521], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Golani & Fricke 2018:51 [ref. 36273], Zajonz et al. 2019:68 [ref. 36871], Moots 2022:472 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus suezensis Duncker 1940. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea; northwestern Indian Ocean: Socotra (Yemen) and Oman east to Pakistan. Habitat: marine.

taeniops, Hippocampus Fowler [H. W.] 1904:501, Pl. 7 (upper left fig.) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Second series. v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 1367] Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 27469 [not 27409]. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:160 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

taeniopterus, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1852:306 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Syntypes: (3) whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker 1852 -- (Horne 2001:245 [ref. 25696], Kuiter 2001:314 [ref. 25900], Allen & Adrim 2003:28 [ref. 26830], Fricke 2004:42 [ref. 28269], Paxton et al. 2006:828 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:112 [ref. 30404], Fricke et al. 2011:376 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:206 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:77 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:47 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2019:95 [ref. 36673]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia and Papua New Guinea east to Fiji, south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

takakurae, Hippocampus Tanaka [S.] 1916:423, Pl. 115 (fig. 341) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 24; ref. 14939] Hojo, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT (lost). The spelling takakuae is acceptable; early workers almost certainly Latinized the name first, and then added an 'e' (Art. 31.1.1) [WNE, 12 Mar. 2012] -- we suggest using takakurae when the species is treated as valid. •Valid as Hippocampus takakurae Tanaka 1916 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Gomon 1997:246 [ref. 22842] as tatakurae, Kuiter 2009:123 [ref. 30404] as takakurai). •Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Kim & Lee 1995:74 [ref. 22284], Lourie et al. 1999:125 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: South China Sea to Japan [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

tetragonous, Syngnathus Mitchill [S. L.] 1814:28 [Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill; ref. 3030] Not available, no description, from New York [as "is probably our little sea-horse"]. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

titicacaensis, Hippocampus Anonymous 2003 Appeared as a name in a legend in Aqua Geõgraphica 2003 (June), issue 14, p. 211, top left figure. Apparently a museum name (Museum Tiwanaku, Bolivia) and not available. Also appeared on the back cover of Aqua, 2002, v. 5 (no. 4) where it is suggested that it is the only freshwater seahorse -- supposedly collected in Lake Titicaca in 1943 by the archeologist Arthur Posnansky. •Questionably valid as Hippocampus titicacaensis Anonymous -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404] dated 1943). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Unknown. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

trimaculatus, Hippocampus Leach [W. E.] in Leach & Nodder 1814:104 [Zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals v. 1-3; ref. 2738] Indian and Chinese seas. Syntypes: BMNH 1982.6.17.42 (1), .43 (1), .44-45 (2), .46-47 (2). Kuiter 2009:122 [ref. 30404] considers Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach in Leach & Nodder 1814 as unidentifiable, and splits the complex into H. kampylotrachelos Bleeker 1854, H. takakurae Tanaka 1916, H. dahli Ogilby 1908, H. manadensis Bleeker 1856, H. biocellatus Kuiter 2001, H. planifrons Peters 1877, H. montebelloensis Kuiter 2001 and H. zebra Whitley 1964. We believe that the frequently used name Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 should be retained for one of these species, but that action requires examination of the syntype series, revision of the complex and fixation of a lectotype for H. trimaculatus Leach 1814. •Undetermined (within genus Hippocampus) -- (Kuiter 2009:19, 122 [ref. 30404]). •Valid as Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 -- (Dawson 1986:453 [ref. 5650], Kim & Lee 1995 [ref. 22284], Gomon 1997:246 [ref. 22842], Larson & Williams 1997:352 [ref. 23967], Lourie et al. 1999:244 [ref. 23766], Lourie et al. 1999:125 [ref. 23993], Nakabo 2000:535 [ref. 25086], Randall & Lim in Randall & Lim 2000:604 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:56 [ref. 25480], Nakabo 2002:535 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:233, 555 [ref. 26218], Choo & Liew 2003:271 [ref. 26841], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S102 [ref. 27377], Choo & Liew 2004:411 [ref. 28042], Randall 2005:111 [ref. 28239], Yoshida et al. 2013:71 [ref. 34464], Lourie 2016:104 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:134 [ref. 35660], Kim et al. 2020:87 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:37 [ref. 37637], Moots 2022:473 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: southern India east to Society Islands (French olynesia), north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

tristis, Hippocampus Castelnau [F. L.] 1872:197 [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] Melbourne market, Victoria, Australia. Holotype (unique): MNHN A.4537. Non-type material: MNHN 4538 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:53 [ref. 19576], Kuiter 2020:42 [ref. 37609]. •Probably a synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:42 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:449 [ref. 22532]). •Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:109 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus tristis Castelnau 1872 -- (Kuiter 2001:316 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:829 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:107 [ref. 30404], Kuiter 2020:42 [ref. 37609]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean: South Australia and Victoria (Australia). Habitat: marine.

tuberculatus, Hippocampus Castelnau [F. L.] 1875:48 [Official Record, containing Introduction, Catalogues, Official Awards of the Commissioners, Report and Recommendations of the Experts, and Essays and Statistics on the Social and Economic Resources of the Colony of Victoria.; ref. 768] Swan River, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-4539. •Valid as Hippocampus tuberculatus Castelnau 1875 -- (Hutchins 2001:27 [ref. 25847], Kuiter 2001:313 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:829 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:51 [ref. 30404], Hoschke et al. 2019:154 [ref. 36626]). •Synonym of Hippocampus breviceps Peters 1869 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:421 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:448 [ref. 22532], Lourie et al. 1999:81 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:18 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus breviceps Peters 1869. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tyro, Hippocampus Randall [J. E.] & Lourie [S. A.] 2009:19, Figs. 1-2 [Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin v. 10; ref. 30536] North end of Poivre Atoll, 5°44'S, 53°20'E, Amirantes, Seychelles, depth 43-48 meters, dredge. Holotype (unique): BPBM 35555. •Valid as Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie 2009 -- (Lourie 2016:135 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:43 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Moots 2022:473 [ref. 39722]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie 2009. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Seychelles. Habitat: marine.

valentini, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1859:189 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 6 (art. 3); ref. 371] Molucca Islands, Indonesia. No types known. Available, based on "Valent., fig. 60 et 130" ('Koeda laoet jang hidjioe' and 'Koeda laoet jang koening' of Valentyn 1726:366, 388, figs 60, 130 [ref. 30358]). •Undetermined (within Hippocampus) -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). •Treated as a nomen nudum -- (Lourie et al. 1999:175 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:46 [ref. 34632]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

villosus, Hippocampus Günther [A.] 1880:8, Pl. 1 (fig. D) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Off Bahia, Brazil, depth 7-20 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1879.5.14.464. •Valid as Hippocampus villosus Günther 1880 -- (Kuiter 2009:82 [ref. 30404]). •Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:91 [ref. 23993], Silveira et al. 2014:320 [ref. 33493], Lourie et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Brazil. Habitat: marine.

vulgaris, Hippocampus Cloquet [H.] 1821:178 (v. 21) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 852] Mediterranean Sea, L'Ocean, & Indian Ocean. An unneeded new name, based on literature sources, including Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus. •Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Lourie et al. 1999:99 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34632]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

waleananus, Hippocampus Gomon [M. F.] & Kuiter [R. H.] 2009:38, Figs. 1-3a [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 30036] Walea Island, Togean Archipelago, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): MZB 13599. •Synonym of Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Juiter 2008 -- (Lourie et al. 2016:38 [ref. 34632]). •Valid as Hippocampus waleananus Gomon & Kuiter 2009 -- (Kuiter 2009:137 [ref. 30404], Reijnen et al. 2011:2 [ref. 33436], Allen & Erdmann 2012:206 [ref. 31980], Miesen et al. 2016:88 [ref. 34492], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36055], Short et al. 2020:154 [ref. 37526]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus waleananus Gomon & Kuiter 2009. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Togian Islands off Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

whitei, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1855:17 [Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam) v. 2 (art. 7); ref. 346] Sydney District, New South Wales, Australia. No types known. Appeared as "Hippocampus Whitei Blkr. = Hippocampu or Seahorse White" which is fig. 2, plate opposite p. 264 in White 1790 [ref. 4654]. Neotype as I.40831-018 [ref. 34632]. •Valid as Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855 -- (Dawson 1986:454 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:422 [ref. 12442], Kuiter 1993:98 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:449 [ref. 22532], Gomon 1997:248 [ref. 22842], Kuiter 1997:72 [ref. 25488], Lourie et al. 1999:127 [ref. 23993], Fricke 1999:152 [ref. 24106], Paulus 1999:2272 [ref. 24794], Johnson 1999:726 [ref. 25471], Kuiter 2001:327 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:829 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:42 [ref. 30404], Lourie 2016:100 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:43 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:115 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: East coast of Australia from Hervey Bay (Queensland) to St. Georges Basin (New South Wales). Habitat: marine.

zebra, Hippocampus Whitley [G. P.] 1964:164, Pl. 8 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 26 (no. 5); ref. 3772] Off Gillett Cay, Swain Reefs, Queensland, Australia. Holotype: AMS IB.6015. Paratypes: AMS IB.2819 (1). •Valid as Hippocampus zebra Whitley 1964 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:422 [ref. 12442], Gomon 1997:250 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:129 [ref. 23993] with paratype not this species, Johnson 1999:726 [ref. 25471], Horne 2001:245 [ref. 25696], Kuiter 2001:325 [ref. 25900], Paxton et al. 2006:830 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:127 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2012:207 [ref. 31980], Lourie 2016:138 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:44 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Short et al. 2019:117 [ref. 36532]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus zebra Whitley 1964. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

zosterae, Hippocampus Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:265 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Laguna Grande, Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. Syntypes: MNHN 1887-0515 (1) Pensacola, CAS-SU 1671 (2), USNM 30852 (2 or 1, not found in 1980). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:54 [ref. 19576], Böhlke 1953:61 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert 1882 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:124 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:95 [ref. 23239], Gomon 1997:246 [ref. 22842], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:1058 [ref. 23897], Lourie et al. 1999:131 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:236 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:190 [ref. 25013], Musick et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24959], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:155 [ref. 27754], Roe et al. 2002:903 [ref. 26504], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1225 [ref. 27044], Kuiter 2009:109 [ref. 30404], García-Hernández et al. 2009:92 [ref. 37265], Page et al. 2013:114 [ref. 32708], Silveira et al. 2014:320 [ref. 33493], Lourie 2016:131 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 2 [ref. 35615], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40726]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.