hippos, Scomber Linnaeus [C.] (ex Garden) 1766:494 [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Carolina [South Carolina, U.S.A.]. Syntype or holotype: LS 130 [Garden no. 16] (right half-skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1985:55 [ref. 20705]. Type information: Goode & Bean 1885:204 [ref. 1841]. Based on manuscript description and 1 specimen sent by A. Garden [South Carolina]. •Valid as Caranx (Tricropterus) hippos (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:33 [ref. 39147]). •Valid as Caranx hippos (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Herrera 1896:46 [ref. 39336] as hippus, Hureau & Tortonese 1973:373 [ref. 7198], Lee et al. 1980:749 [ref. 22416], Villa 1982:165 [ref. 36708], Fujii in Uyeno et al. 1983:332 [ref. 14275], Smith 1986:425 [ref. 22186], Smith-Vaniz in Whitehead et al. 1986:824 [ref. 13676], Daget & Smith-Vaniz 1986:310 [ref. 6207], Robins & Ray 1986:160 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:376 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:146 [ref. 14674], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1990:732 [ref. 18644], Bauchot in Lévêque et al. 1992:678 [ref. 21590], Boschung 1992:130 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:285 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:63 [ref. 24474], Murdy et al. 1997:165 [ref. 23144], Arruda 1997:82 [ref. 24952], González Bencomo et al. 1997:158 [ref. 24960], Aguilera 1998:49 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:279 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:291 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:238 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:73 [ref. 25466], Keith et al. 2000:90 [ref. 24547], Marín 2000:72 [ref. 26252], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:159 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:141 [ref. 27639], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:84 [ref. 26753], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:415 [ref. 26158], López et al. 2002:64 [ref. 26808] as hyppos, Smith-Vaniz 2003:1440 [ref. 27083], Moura & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:80 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:31 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:140 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:277 [ref. 28815], Miller 2006:339 [ref. 28615], Smith-Vaniz & Carpenter 2007:219 [ref. 29160], Vreven & Snoeks 2007:417 [ref. 30078], Wirtz et al. 2007:11, 32 [ref. 30263], Springer & Smith-Vaniz 2008:29 [ref. 31826], Di Dario et al. 2013:263 [ref. 37503], Page et al. 2013:144 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Collette 2013:173 [ref. 32953], Wirtz et al. 2013:124 [ref. 32972], Kottelat 2013:333 [ref. 32989], Angulo et al. 2013:1000 [ref. 33194], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:47 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33516] needs verification, Fabiano et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33530], Smith-Vaniz in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2474 [ref. 34618], Nión et al. 2016:47 [ref. 35565], Marceniuk et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35324], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Robins et al. 2018:435 [ref. 35886], Spier et al. 2018:10 [ref. 36103], Almeida & Alves 2019:269 [ref. 37509] as cf. hippos, Carneiro et al. 2019:251 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:97 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:191 [ref. 38139], Ribeiro et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36717], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 16 [ref. 38321], Robertson et al. 2020:152 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:76 [ref. 38844], Kovačić et al. 2021:85 [ref. 39014], Marceniuk in Marceniuk et al. 2021:341 [ref. 38945], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:69 [ref. 39585], Fermon et al. 2022:237 [ref. 39448], Angulo et al. 2023:44 [ref. 40676], Carvalho-Filho 2023:138 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Caranx hippos (Linnaeus 1766). Carangidae: Caranginae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: New Brunswick (Canada.) south to northern Argentina, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, with waifs reaching Nova Scotia (Canada); southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island and Saint Helena Island; eastern Atlantic: Western Sahara south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2019): LC. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.
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