(last revised January 2006)
Systems of Higher Taxa after: Bayer (1981) for Helioporacea and Alcyonacea;
Kükenthal (1915) and Williams (1995) for Pennatulacea
|
HELIOPORACEA |
ALCYONACEA (soft corals and gorgonians) |
PENNATULACEA (sea pens) |
|
46 families |
|
approximately
340 genera |
|
over 2000
described species |
ORDER HELIOPORACEA Bock, 1938 (=COENOTHECALIA Bourne, 1893) (2 families, 2 genera); characterized by a rigid aragonitic skeleton.
1. Lithotelestidae Bayer & Muzik, 1977 [1 genus]
Epiphaxum Lonsdale, 1850 (=Lithotelesto Bayer & Muzik, 1977) [see Bayer & Muzik, 1977 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 90(4): 975-984 and Bayer, 1979 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 92(4): 873-875; S. of Madagascar and Lesser Antilles. Epiphaxum possibly belongs to Porifera?; see Zool. Rec. 1980]
2. Helioporidae Moseley, 1876 [1 monotypic genus]
Heliopora Blainville, 1830 [one species, the blue coral, H. coerulea, shallow-water Indo-Pacific]
ORDER ALCYONACEA (29 families, approximately 274 genera); skeletal components composed of calcite and gorgonin.
Polyps as individuals, which may or may not be united by basal stolons
[Protoalcyonaria Hickson, 1894]
3. Taiaroidae Bayer & Muzik, 1976 [1 monotypic genus]
Taiaroa Bayer & Muzik, 1976 [one species T. tauhou, deep water New Zealand]
4. Haimeidae Wright, 1865 [2 genera]
Haimeia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857
Hartea Wright, 1865
[Stolonifera Hickson, 1883]
5. Cornulariidae Dana, 1846 [2 genera]
Cornularia Lamarck, 1816
6. Acrossotidae Bourne, 1914
________ Acrossota Bourne, 1914
7. Clavulariidae Hickson, 1894 [20 genera]
Clavulariinae Hickson, 1894 [polyps tall and cylindrical to clavate; without secondary polyps budding laterally]
Bathytelesto Bayer, 1981
Cervera López-González, Ocaña, García-Gómez & Núñez, 1995
Clavularia [=Cornulariella Verrill, 1874; Hicksonia Delage & Hérouard,1901]
Incrustatus Ofwegen, Haussermann & Forsterra, 2006
Moolabalia Alderslade, 2001
Knopia Alderslade and McFadden, 2007
Rhodelinda Bayer, 1981
Scyphopodium Bayer, 1981
Stereosoma Hickson, 1894
Stereotelesto Bayer, 1981
Sarcodictyiinae Bayer, 1981 [polyps short, retracting almost flush with stolons, or producung low, cylindrical to conical calices]
Azoriella López-González & Gili, 2008
Cryptophyton Williams, 2000
Cyathopodium Verrill, 1868
Sarcodictyon Forbes, 1847 [=Evagorgia Philippi, 1842; Rolandia Lacase-Duthiers, 1900]
Scleranthelia Studer, 1879
Tesseranthelia Bayer, 1981
Trachythela Verrill, 1922
Telestinae Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 [polyps tall and cylindrical, usually with secondary polyps budding laterally; branching monopodial]
Carijoa Müller, 1867
Paratelesto Utinomi, 1958
Telesto Lamouroux, 1812
Telestula Madsen, 1944
Pseudocladochoninae Madsen, 1944 [polyps tall and cylindrical, usually with secondary polyps budding laterally; branching sympodial]
Pseudocladochonus Versluys, 1907
8. Tubiporidae Ehrenberg, 1828 [1 monotypic genus]
Tubipora Linnaeus, 1758
9. Coelogorgiidae Bourne, 1900 [1 monotypic genus]
Coelogorgia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857
10. Pseudogorgiidae Utinomi & Harada, 1973 [1 monotypic genus]
Pseudogorgia Kölliker, [1870] 1871
Polyps contained in massive bodies to form a coherent colony
[Alcyoniina Lamouroux, 1816]
11. Paralcyoniidae ******, ****[=Fasciculariidae;
Viguieriotidae Bayer, 1954; Maasellidae Poche, 1914
(4 genera)]
Carotalycon Utinomi, 1952
Ceeceenus Ofwegen & Benayahu, 2006
Maasella Poche, 1914 [=Fascicularia Viguier, 1888; Viguieriotes Bayer, 1954]
Paralcyonium Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850
Studeriotes Thomson & Simpson, 1909 [=Studeria Thomson, 1908]
12. Alcyoniidae Lamouroux, 1812 [29 genera]
Alcyoniinae Lamouroux, 1812
Acrophytum Hickson, 1900
Alcyonium Linnaeus, 1758 [=Parerythropodium Kükenthal, 1916]
Anthomastus Verrill, 1878
Bellonella Gray, 1862 [=Metalcyonium Pfeffer, 1888; Cereopsida Strand, 1926]
Ceratocaulon Jungersen, 1892
Cladiella Gray, 1869 [=Lobularia Lamarck, 1816; Microspicularia Macfadyen, 1936; Sphaerella Gray, 1869],
Dampia Alderslade, 1983
Dimorphophyton Williams, 2000
Discophyton McFadden & Hochberg, 2003
Elbeenus Alderslade, 2002
Eleutherobia Pütter, 1900
Inflatocalyx Verseveldt & Bayer, 1988
Klyxum Alderslade, 2000
Lampophyton Williams, 2000
Lanthanocephalus Williams & Starmer, 2000
Lobophytum Marenzeller, 1886
Lohowia Alderslade, 2003
Malacacanthus J.S. Thomson, 1910
Minabea Utinomi, 1957
Notodysiferus Alderslade, 2003
Paraminabea Williams & Alderslade, 1999
Protodendron Thomson & Dean, 1931
Pseudoalcyonium Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt, 1974
Pseudoanthomastus Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt, 1974
Rhizalcyon Bayer, 1995
Rhytisma Alderslade, 2000
Sarcophyton Lesson, 1834 [=Sarcophythum Agassiz, 1844]
Schizophyton Studer, 1890
Sinularia May, 1898
Skamnarium Alderslade, 2000
Sphaeralcyon López-González & Gili, 2000
Thrombophyton McFadden & Hochberg, 2003
Verseveldtia Williams, 1990
Anthomastinae Verrill, 1922
Anthomastus Verrill, 1878 [=?Heteropolypus Tixier-Durivault, 1964]
Anthomastus subgenus Anthomastus s.s
Anthomastus subgenus Bathyalcyon Versluys, 1906
13. Nephtheidae Gray, 1862 [19 genera]
Capnella Gray, 1869 [=Eunephthya Verrill, 1869; Paranephthya Studer, 1887; and possibly
Chromonephthea Ofwegen, 2005
Chondronephthya *****,****]Coronephthya Utinomi, 1966
Daniela Koch, 1891 [=Kochella Utinomi, 1958]
Dendronephthya Kükenthal, 1905 [=Roxasia Tixier-Durivault & Prevorsek, 1957; Morchellana
Gray, 1862; Spongodes Lesson, 1833] Drifa Danielssen, 1887 [=Pseudonephthya Holm, 1895]
Duva Koren & Danielssen, 1883
Gersemia Marenzeller, 1878 [=Voeringia Danielssen, 1887; Fulla Danielssen, 1887;
Nannodendron Danielssen, 1887; Barrathrobius Danielssen, 1887; Sarakka Danielssen, 1887;Krystallophanes Danielssen, 1887; Organidus Danielssen, 1887] Lemnalia Gray, 1868 [=Lemnalioides Light, 1914]
Leptophyton Ofwegen & Schleyer, 1997
Litophyton Forskal, 1775 [=Ammothea Lamarck, 1816; Lithophytum]
Nephthea Audouin, 1826 [=Panope Holm, 1895]
Neospongodes Kükenthal, 1903 [=Spongodia Agassiz, 1846],
Paralemnalia Kükenthal, 1913
Pacifiphyton Williams, 1997
Pseudodrifa Utinomi, 1961
Scleronephthya Studer, 1887 [=Paraspongodes Kükenthal, 1896]
Stereacantha Thomson & Henderson, 1906
Stereonephthya Kükenthal, 1905
Umbellulifera Thomson & Dean, 1931
14. Nidaliidae Gray, 1869 (8 genera)
Nidaliinae
Agaricoides Simpson, 1905
Nidalia Gray, 1835 [=Cactogorgia Simpson, 1907]
Nidaliopsis Kükenthal, 1906 [=Itephitrus Koch, 1886]
Orlikia Malyutin, 1993
Pieterfaurea Verseveldt & Bayer, 1988
Siphonogorgiinae
Chironephthya Studer, 1887
Nephthyigorgia Kükenthal, 1910
Siphonogorgia Kölliker, 1874
15. Xeniidae Ehrenberg, 1828 (14 genera)
Anthelia Lamarck, 1816
Asterospicularia Utinomi, 1951
Bayerxenia Alderslade, 2001
Cespitularia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 [=Suensonia Brundin, 1896]
Efflatounaria Gohar, 1939
Funginus Tixier-Durivault, 1987 [=Fungulus Tixier-Durivault, 1970]
Heteroxenia Kölliker, 1874
Ingotia Alderslade, 2001
Ixion Alderslade, 2001
Orangaslia Alderslade, 2001
Ovabunda Alderslade, 2001
Sansibia Alderslade, 2000
Sympodium Ehrenberg, 1834
Xenia Lamarck, 1816
[Scleraxonia] (with free axial spicules)
without consolidated axis (with a medulla and cortex)
16. Briareidae Gray, 1859 (2 genera)
Briareum Blainville, 1830 [=Solenopodium Kükenthal, 1916;
Pachyclavularia Roule, 1908]
Lignopsis Perez & Zamponi, 2000
17. Anthothelidae Broch, 1916 (13 genera)
Anthothelinae Broch, 1916
Alertigorgia Kükenthal, 1908 [=Machaeriogorgia Kükenthal, 1919]
Anthothela Verrill,1879 [=Gymnosarea Kent, 1870; ?Stereogorgia Kükenthal, 1916]
Briareopsis Bayer, 1993
Erythropodium Kölliker, 1865
Tubigorgia Pasternak, 1985
Victorgorgia López-González & Briand, 2002
Semperininae Aurivillius, 1931
Iciligorgia Duchassaing, 1870
Semperina Kölliker, 1870 [=Suberia Studer, 1879; Suberiopsis Broch, 1916]
Solenocaulon Gray, 1862 [=Solenogorgia Genth, 1867]
Spongiodermatinae Aurivillius, 1931
Callipodium Verrill, 1869 [=Anthopodium Verrill, 1872]
Diodogorgia Kükenthal, 1919
Homophyton Gray, 1866 [=Spongioderma Kölliker, 1870]
Titanideum Verrill,1864
Tripalea Bayer, 1955
18. Subergorgiidae Gray, 1859 (3 genera)
Annella Gray, 1858
Rosgorgia López-González & Gili, 2001
Subergorgia Gray, 1857
19. Paragorgiidae Kükenthal, 1916 (2 genera)
Paragorgia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857
Sibogagorgia Stiasny, 1937
with consolidated axis
20. Coralliidae Lamouroux, 1812 (3 genera)
Corallium Cuvier, 1798 [=Hemicorallium Gray, 1867; Pleurocorallium Gray, 1867]
Paracorallium Bayer & Cairns, 2003Pleurocoralloides Moroff, 1902
21. Melithaeidae Gray, 1870 (6 genera) [branches from flexible proteinaceous nodes]
Melithaeinae Alderslade, 2006 [axial sclerites mostly straight rods with median girdle of simple tubercles]
Acabaria Gray, 1859
Clathraria Gray, 1859
Melithaea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 [=Birotulata Nutting, 1911; Melitella Gray, 1859;
Melitodes Verrill, 1864] Mopsella Gray, 1857
Wrightella Gray, 1870
Asperaxinae Alderslade, 2006 [axial sclerites mostly rods that are sinuous and branched]
Asperaxis Alderslade, 2006
22. Parisididae Aurivillius, 1931 (1 genus) [branches from calcareous internodes]
Parisis Verrill, 1864 [=Trinella Gray, 1870]
[Holaxonia] (continuous solid axial structure without free axial spicules, with hollow cross-chambered central core [chambered axial medulla])
23. Keroeididae Kinoshita, 1910 (5 genera)
Ideogorgia Bayer, 1981 [= nom. nov. for Dendrogorgia Simpson, 1910; not Duchaissang, 1870]
Keroeides Studer, 1887
Lignella Gray, 1870
Pseudothelogorgia Ofwegen, 1994
Thelogorgia Bayer 1992
24. Acanthogorgiidae Gray, 1859 (6 genera)
Acanthogorgia Gray, 1857 [=Acalycigorgia Kükenthal, 1908; Boarella Gray, 1870;
Paracanthogorgia Stiasny, 1947] Anthogorgia Verrill, 1868
Calcigorgia Broch, 1935
Cyclomuricea Nutting, 1908
Muricella Verrill, 1869
25. Plexauridae Gray, 1859 (includes Muriceidae, Paramuriceidae, Plexaurinae, Stenogorgiinae) (37 genera)
Acanthacis Deichmann, 1936
Alaskagorgia Sanchez & Cairns, 2004
Anthomuricea Studer, 1887
Anthoplexaura Kükenthal, 1908]
Astrogorgia Verrill, 1868 [=Acanthomuricea Hentschel, 1902]
Astromuricea Germanos, 1895
Bayergorgia Williams and López-González, 2005
Bebryce Philippi, 1841 [Pseudobebryce Kükenthal, 1919; Nicaule Bayer, 1981]
Caliacis Deichmann, 1936
Calicogorgia Thomsnon & Henderson, 1906
Cryogorgia Williams, 2005
Dentomuricea Grasshoff, 1977
Discogorgia Kükenthal, 1919
Echinogorgia Kolliker, 1865 [=Bovella Gray, 1860]
Echinomuricea Verrill, 1869
Elasmogorgia Wright & Studer, 1889
Eunicea Lamouroux, 1816
Euplexaura Verrill, 1865
Heterogorgia Verrill, 1868
Hypnogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Lepidomuricea Kükenthal, 1919
Lytreia Bayer, 1981
Menacella Gray, 1870
Menella Gray, 1870 [=Plexauroides Wright & Studer, 1889]
Mesogligorgia López-González, 2005
Muricea Lamouroux, 1821
Muriceides Studer, 1887 [=Clematissa Wright & Studer, 1887; Trachymuricea Deichmann, 1936],
Muriceopsis Aurivillius, 1931
Paracis Kükenthal, 1919 [=Discomuricea Gordon, 1926]
Paramuricea Kölliker, 1865
Paraplexaura [=Lapidogorgia Grasshoff, 1999]
Placogorgia Kükenthal, 1919 [=Pseudothesea Kükenthal, 1919]
Plexaura Lamouroux, 1812
Plexaurella Valenciennes, 1855
Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868
Pseudoplexaura Wright & Studer, 1889
Scleracis Kükenthal, 1919
Spinimuricea Grasshoff, 1992
Swiftia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 [=Allogorgia Verrill, 1928; Callistephanus Wright
& Studer, 1889; Platycaulos Wright & Studer, 1889; Stenogorgia Verrill, 1883] Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 [= Evacis Verrill, 1913; Filigella Gray, 1868]
Trimuricea Gordon, 1926
Villogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 [=Acamptogorgia Wright & Studer, 1889;
Brandella Gray, 1870; Perisceles Wright & Studer, 1887]
26. Gorgoniidae Lamouroux, 1812 (15 genera)
Adelogorgia Bayer, 1958
Eugorgia Verrill, 1868
Eunicella Verrill, 1869[=Platygorgia Studer, 1887]
Gorgonia Linnaeus, 1758 [=Rhipidogorgia Valenciennes, 1855]
Guaiagorgia Grasshoff & Alderslade, 1997
Hicksonella Nutting, 1910 [=Rhabdoplexaura Kükenthal, 1915]
Leptogorgia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 [=Filigorgia Stiasny, 1937; Lophogorgia
Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857] Olindagorgia Bayer, 1981
Pacifigorgia Bayer, 1951
Phycogorgia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850
Phyllogorgia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 [=Hymenogorgia Valenciennes, 1855]
Pinnigorgia Grasshoff & Alderslade, 1997
Pseudopterogorgia Kükenthal, 1919 [=Antillogorgia Bayer, 1951]
Pterogorgia Ehrenberg, 1834 [=Xiphigorgia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857]
Rumphella Bayer, 1955
[Calcaxonia] (continuous solid axial structure without free axial spicules, without cross-chambered hollow core [total lack of chambered axial medulla])
27. Ellisellidae Gray, 1859 (10 genera)
Ctenocella Valenciennes, 1855
Dichotella Gray, 1870
Ellisella Gray, 1858 [=Scirpearia Ehrenberg, 1834]
Heliania Gray, 1860
Junceella Valenciennes, 1855
Nicella Gray, 1870
Phenilia Gray, 1860
Riisea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 [=Herophile Steenstrup, 1861]
Verrucella Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 [=Umbracella Gray, 1858; Raynerella Gray, 1869;
Reticella, Gray, 1870] Viminella Gray, 1870 [=Toeplitzella Deichmann, 1936]
28. Ifalukellidae Bayer, 1955 (2 genera)
Ifalukella Bayer, 1955
Plumigorgia Nutting, 1910
29. Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883 (12 genera)
Chalcogorgia Bayer, 1949
Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 [=Dasygorgia Verrill, 1883]
Distichogorgia Bayer, 1979
Helicogorgia Bayer, 1981 [=Simpsonella Stiasny, 1940; Hicksonella Simpson,1910 not Nutting, 1910]
Iridogorgia Verrill, 1883
Isidoides Nutting, 1910
Metallogorgia Versluys, 1902
Pleurogorgia Versluys, 1902
Radicipes Stearns, 1883 [Lepidogorgia Verrill, 1884; Strophogorgia Wright & Studer, 1885]
Stephanogorgia Bayer & Muzik, 1976
Trichogorgia Hickson, 1904 [=Malacogorgia Hickson, 1904]
Xenogorgia Bayer & Muzik, 1976
30. Primnoidae Gray, 1857 (31 genera)
Acanthoprimnoa Cairns & Bayer, 2004
Aglaoprimnoa Bayer, 1996
Ainigmaptilon Dean, 1926 [=Lycurus Molander, 1929]
Amphilaphis Wright & Studer, 1887
Armadillogorgia Bayer, 1980
Arntzia López-González, Gili, and Orejas, 2002
Arthrogorgia Kükenthal, 1908
Callogorgia Gray, 1858
Callozostron Wright 1885
Calyptrophora Gray, 1866
Candidella Bayer, 1954 [nom.nov. for Stenella Gray, 1870, not Gray, 1866]
Convexella Bayer, 1996
Dasystenella Versluys, 1906
Dicholaphis Kinoshita, 1907
Diplocalyptra Kinoshita, 1908
Fanellia Gray, 1870
Fannyella Gray, 1873
Microprimnoa Bayer & Stefani, 1989
Mirostenella Bayer, 1988
Narella Gray, 1870 [=Stachyodes Wright & Studer, 1887; Calypterinus Wright & Studer, 1889]
Ophidiogorgia Bayer, 1980
Paracalyptrophora Kinoshita, 1908
Parastenella Versluys, 1906
Perissogorgia Bayer & Stefani, 1989
Plumarella Gray, 1870
Primnoa Lamouroux, 1812
Primnoella Gray, 1858
Primnoeides Wright & Studer, 1887
Pseudoplumarella Kükenthal, 1915
Pterostenella Versluys, 1906
Thouarella Gray, 1870
Tokoprimnoa Bayer, 1996
31. Isididae Lamouroux, 1812 (38 genera)
Isidinae Lamouroux, 1812 [polyps with 6 or 8-radiates, clubs & tuberculate spindles, or almost sclerite-free]
Chelidonisis Studer, 1890
Isis Linnaeus, 1758
Muricellisis Kükenthal, 1915
Keratoisidinae Gray, 1870 [polyps armed with longitudinally arranged rods or spindles often ornamented with prickles]
Acanella Gray, 1870
Australisis Bayer & Stefani, 1987
Caribisis Bayer & Stefani, 1987
Isidella Gray, 1857
Keratoisis Wright, 1869
Lepidisis Verrill, 1883
Orstomisis Bayer, 1990
Sclerisis Studer, 1879
Mopseinae Gray, 1870 [polyps with transversely arranged smooth, tuberculate, or thorny scales with a dentate or thorny distal margin]
Acanthoisis Studer & Wright, 1887
Chathamisis Grant, 1976
Echinisis Thomson & Rennet, 1931
Iotisis Alderslade, 1998
Jasminisis Alderslade, 1998
Ktenosquamisis Alderslade, 1998
Lissopholidisis Alderslade, 1998
Minuisis Grant, 1976
Mopsea Lamouroux, 1816
Myriozotisis Alderslade, 1998
Notisis Gravier, 1913
Oparinisis Alderslade, 1998
Paracanthoisis Alderslade, 1998
Peltastisis Nutting, 1910
Primnoisis Studer, 1887
Pteronisis Alderslade, 1998
Sphaerokodisis Alderslade, 1998
Stenisis Bayer & Stefani, 1987
Tenuisis Bayer & Stefani, 1987
Tethrisis Alderslade, 1998
Circinisidinae Grant, 1976 [polyps with transversely arranged smooth oval scales with distal margin entire to undulate]
Annisis Alderslade, 1998
Circinisis Grant, 1976
Florectisis Alderslade, 1998
Gorgonisis Alderslade, 1998
Pangolinisis Alderslade, 1998
Plexipomisis Alderslade, 1998
Zignisis Alderslade, 1998
Incertae sedis
32. Dendrobrachiidae Brook, 1889 (l genus)
Dendrobrachia Brook, 1889 [axis with spiny longitudinal ridges - formerly aligned with Antipatharia]
ORDER PENNATULACEA Verrill, 1865 (14 Families; 34 genera); characterized by an oozooid, proximal muscular peduncle, and distal polyp-bearing rachis.
Suborder Sessiliflorae Kükenethal, 1915
[Section Pennatulina radiata Kükenethal, 1915]
33. Veretillidae Herklots, 1858 (5 genera)
Amphibelemnon López-González, Gili & Williams, 2000
Cavernularia Valenciennes in Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 [=Sarcobelemnon Herklots,
1858; Stylobelemnon Kölliker, 1872; ?Fusticularia Simpson, 1905; ?ParabelemnonThomson Simpson, 1909; ?Stylobelemnoides Thomson & Henderson, 1905] Cavernulina Kükenthal & Broch, 1911
Lituaria Valenciennes in Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 [=Clavella Gray, 1870]
Veretillum Cuvier, 1798 [=Policella Gray, 1870]
34. Echinoptilidae Hubrecht, 1885 (2 genera)
Actinoptilum Kükenthal in Kükenthal & Broch, 1911
Echinoptilum Hubrecht, 1885
[Section Pennatulina foliata Kükenthal, 1915]
35. Renillidae Gray, 1870 (I genus)
Renilla Lamarck, 1816 [=Herklotsia Gray, 1860]
[Section Pennatulina biserialia Kükenthal, 1915]
36. Kophobelemnidae Gray, 1860 (4 genera)
Kophobelemnon Asbjørnsen, 1856 [=Bathyptilum Kölliker, 1872; Gunneria Danielssen & Koren, 1884]
Malacobelemnon Tixier-Durivault, 1965
Sclerobelemnon Kölliker, 1872 [=Mesobelemnon Gravier, 1907]
37. Anthoptilidae Kölliker, 1880 (1 genus)
Anthoptilum Kölliker, 1880 [=Benthoptilum Verrill,1885; Stephanoptilum Roule, 1905;
Thesioides Thomson & Henderson, 1906]
38. Funiculinidae Gray, 1870 (1 genus)
Funiculina Lamarck, 1816 [=Pavonaria Schweigger, 1820 not Kölliker, 1869; Leptoptilum Kölliker,
1880;
Trichoptilum Kölliker, 1880]
39. Protoptilidae Kölliker, 1872 (2 genera)
Protoptilum Kölliker, 1872
Distichoptilum Verrill, 1882 [=Helicoptilum Nutting, 1912; Juncoptilum Thomson & Henderson, 1905]
40. Stachyptilidae Kölliker, 1880 (2 genera)
Stachyptilum Kölliker, 1880
Gilibelemnon López-González & Williams, 2002
[Section Pennatulina verticillata Kükenthal, 1915]
41. Scleroptilidae Jungersen, 1904 (1 genus)
Scleroptilum Kölliker, 1880
42. Chunellidae Kükenthal, 1902 (3 genera)
Calibelemnon Nutting, 1908 [=Prochunella Balss, 1909]
Chunella Kükenthal, 1902
Amphiacme Kükenthal, 1903 [=Amphianthus Kükenthal, 1902 (preoccupied)]
43. Umbellulidae Kölliker, 1880 (1 genera)
Umbellula Cuvier, 1797 [=Crinillum Harting, Miquel & Hoven, 1861; Encrinus Larmarck,
1801; Ombellula Cuvier, 1797 (incorrect original spelling, ICZN 2999); 1801]
Umbellularia Lamarck,
Suborder Subselliflorae Kükenthal, 1915
[Section Pennatulina junciformia Kükenthal, 1915]
44. Halipteridae Williams, 1995 (1 genus)
Halipteris Kölliker, 1869 [=Balticina Gray, 1870; Göndul Koren & Danielssen, 1877;
Lygomorpha Koren & Danielssen, 1877; Microptilum Kölliker, 1880; Norticina Gray, 1870;
Osteocella Gray, 1870; Pavonaria Kölliker, 1869 not Schweigger, 1820;
Stichoptilum Grieg, 1887; Verrillia Stearns, 1873]
45. Virgulariidae Verrill, 1868 (5 genera)
Acanthoptilum Kölliker, 1870
Scytaliopsis Gravier, 1906
Scytalium Herklots, 1858
Stylatula [=Dübenia Koren & Danielssen, 1877]
Virgularia Lamarck, 1816 [=Cladiscus Koren & Danielssen, 1877; Deutocaulon
Marshall & Fowler, 1888; Halisceptrum Herklots, 1863; Herklots, 1858; Lygus Herklots,
1858; Protocaulon Kölliker, 1880; Sceptonidium Richiardi, 1869; Svava Danielssen &
Koren, 1884; Svavopsis Roule, 1908]
[Section Pennatulina penniformia Kükenthal, 1915]
46. Pennatulidae Ehrenberg, 1834 (6 genera)
Crassophyllum Tixier-Durivault, 1961
Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 [=?Bathypenna Marion, 1906]
Pennatula Linnaeus, 1758 [=Leioptilus Gray, 1860 & 1870 in part; Phosphorella Gray, 1870;
Ptilella Gray, 1870] Pteroeides Herklots, 1858 [=Argentella Gray, 1870; Crispella Gray, 1870; Godeffroyia Kölliker,
1870; Pteromorpha Herklots, 1858; Struthiopteron Broch,1910] Ptilosarcus Verrill, 1865 [=Leioptilus Gray, 1870 in part, not Gray 1860]
Sarcoptilus Gray, 1848 [=Sarcophyllum Kölliker, 1870]