itajara, Serranus Lichtenstein [M. H. C.] 1822:278 [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1820-1821; ref. 17529] Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 238. Spelled itaiara by Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1828:376 [ref. 997]. •Valid as Promicrops itaiara (Lichtenstein 1822) -- (Evseenko 1996:727 [ref. 24666]). •Valid as Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein 1822) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:133 [ref. 23100], Bullock & Smith 1991:104 [ref. 36591], Heemstra 1991:35 [ref. 19323], Cervigón 1991:337 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:106 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:428 [ref. 23827], Heemstra & Randall 1993:171 [ref. 21042], Allen & Robertson 1994:109 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:94 [ref. 23101], Grace et al. 1994:22 [ref. 25512], Heemstra in Fischer et al. 1995:1594 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:285 [ref. 24545], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:147 [ref. 22947], Murdy et al. 1997:257 [ref. 23144], Aguilera 1998:48 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:355 [ref. 24555], Sadovy & Eklund 1999:2 [ref. 24110], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:264 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:208 [ref. 25013], Keith et al. 2000:84 [ref. 24547], Musick et al. 2000:16 [ref. 24959], Thomson et al. 2000:89 [ref. 25640], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:157 [ref. 27754], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:143 [ref. 27639], Collette et al. 2003:107 [ref. 26784], Heemstra et al. 2003:1341 [ref. 27060], Moura & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:111 [ref. 37547], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:146 [ref. 28815], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Craig et al. 2009:167 [ref. 29773] with eastern Pacific population a different species, Epinephalus quinquefasciatus (Bocourt 1868), Craig et al. 2011:162 [ref. 31786], Palacios-Salgado et al. 2014:237 [ref. 36362], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:39 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:5 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:14 [ref. 34324], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:397 [ref. 34894], Heemstra & Anderson in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2392 [ref. 34618], Reis et al. 2016:6 [ref. 34496], Marceniuk et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35324], Ma & Craig 2018:455 [ref. 36100], Spier et al. 2018:9 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:7 [ref. 36717], Reiner 2019:170 [ref. 38139], Parenti & Randall 2020:71 [ref. 37354], Akhilesh et al. 2021:52 [ref. 38701], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:518 [ref. 38945], González-Lorenzo et al. 2021:147 [ref. 38374], Fermon et al. 2022:288 [ref. 39448], Barreiros & Coleman 2023:2 [ref. 40312], Carvalho-Filho 2023:116 [ref. 40480], Ceríaco et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40710], Page et al. 2023:196 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein 1822). Epinephelidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Florida (U. S. A.) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Brazil); southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island; eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Cabinda (Angola), including Canary Islands (Spain), São Tomé and Principe. Eastern Pacific population based a different species, Epinephalus quinquefasciatus (Bocourt 1868). Habitat: brackish, marine.